Optimized current pulse charging apparatus and method employing increasing clamp reference voltages and decreasing current pulses

1. An optimized charging apparatus, comprising:

a charge circuit configured to provide a plurality of charge current pulses to a battery; and

a control circuit configured to:

receive a terminal voltage of the battery,

compare the terminal voltage of the battery to a clamp voltage, and

compare a value for a high time current to a threshold current value;

based on determining that the terminal voltage of the battery is less than the clamp voltage, the charge circuit is configured to provide a plurality of first charge current pulses to the battery in a first step of a first charge profile, each of the plurality of the first charge current pulses having a same first duty cycle, a same high time current at a first value, and a same low time current,

based on determining that the terminal voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to the clamp voltage, the charge circuit is configured to, in the first charge profile, step down the high time current by providing a discharge current pulse to the battery, and by decreasing the first value for the high time current by a step current value resulting in a second value for the high time current, and

based on determining that the second value for the high time current is greater than the threshold current value, the charge circuit is configured to provide a second charge current pulse to the battery in a second step of the first charge profile, the second charge current pulse having the first duty cycle, a high time current at the second value, and the low time current.

2. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control circuit is configured to step down the high time current by decreasing a value for the high time current in a plurality of steps until the value for the high time current is less than or equal to the threshold current value, each step being a step of the first charge profile, and each value for the high time current being decreased by the step current value.

3. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 2 , wherein, based on determining that the value for the high time current is less than or equal to the threshold current value, the charge circuit is configured to provide a plurality of charge current pulses to the battery in a second charge profile, including a pulse-only charge profile, that does not include the plurality of steps of the first charge profile.

4. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the control circuit is configured to decrease a value of the high time current in the second charge profile using the terminal voltage and a maximum clamp voltage until the value of the high time current is less than or equal to a second threshold current value.

5. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 4 , wherein, based on determining that the value of the high time current is less than or equal to the second threshold current value, the charge circuit is configured to provide a current to the battery in a third charge profile to maintain a constant voltage at the battery, and

wherein the control circuit is configured to decrease the current provided to the battery in the third charge profile using the terminal voltage and the maximum clamp voltage until the current is less than or equal to a third threshold current.

6. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein based on determining that the terminal voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to the clamp voltage, the charge circuit is further configured to, in the first charge profile, step down the high time current by increasing the clamp voltage by a step voltage.

7. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the step current value and the step voltage are respective fixed amounts.

8. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a number of first charge current pulses in the first step is determined in response to the comparison of the terminal voltage to the clamp voltage.

9. The optimized charging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of first charge current pulses in the first charge profile has a same period.

10. An optimized charging method, comprising:

providing a plurality of first charge current pulses to a battery in a first step of a first charge profile, each of the plurality of the first charge current pulses having a same first duty cycle, a same high time current at a first value, and a same low time current, the providing occurring while a terminal voltage of the battery is determined to be less than a clamp voltage; and

responsive to determining that the terminal voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to the clamp voltage, stepping down, in the first charge profile, the high time current including:

providing a discharge current pulse to the battery; and

decreasing the first value for the high time current by a step current value resulting in a second value for the high time current; and

based on determining that the second value for the high time current is greater than a threshold current value, providing a second charge current pulse to the battery in a second step of the first charge profile, the second charge current pulse having the first duty cycle, a high time current at the second value, and the low time current.

11. The optimized charging method of claim 10 ,

further comprising, after providing the second charge current pulse to the battery in the second step of the first charge profile, comparing the terminal voltage to the clamp voltage.

12. The optimized charging method of claim 10 , wherein

stepping down the high time current in the first charge profile further includes decreasing a value for the high time current in a plurality of steps until the value for the high time current is less than or equal to the threshold current value, each step being a step of the first charge profile, and each value for the high time current being decreased by the step current value.

13. The optimized charging method of claim 12 , further including:

based on determining that the value for the high time current is less than or equal to the threshold current value, providing a plurality of charge current pulses to the battery in a second charge profile,

wherein the second charge profile is a pulse-only charge profile that does not include the plurality of steps of the first charge profile.

14. The optimized charging method of claim 13 , including:

decreasing a value of the high time current in the second charge profile using the terminal voltage and a maximum clamp voltage until the value of the high time current is less than or equal to a second threshold current value.

15. The optimized charging method of claim 14 , further including:

based on determining that the value of the high time current is less than or equal to the second threshold current value, providing a current to the battery in a third charge profile, the third change profile being configured to maintain a constant voltage at the battery; and

decreasing the current provided to the battery in the third charge profile using the terminal voltage and the maximum clamp voltage until the current is less than or equal to a third threshold current.

16. The optimized charging method of claim 10 , wherein the stepping down the high time current in the first charge profile further includes increasing the clamp voltage by a step voltage.

17. The optimized charging method of claim 16 , wherein the step current value and the step voltage are respective fixed amounts.

18. The optimized charging method of claim 10 , wherein a number of first charge current pulses in the first step is determined in response to the comparison of the terminal voltage to the clamp voltage.