Noise management for optical time delay interferometry
An integrated fiber interferometry interrogator for generating superimposed waves is disclosed. The system is optimized for efficiency and vibration attenuation. The system comprises an optical light source for generating a first signal, a first signal splitter which splits the first signal into a reference signal and an interrogation signal, optical modulators for modulating the signals, a fiber coupler connected to a fiber under test, an isolator, a circulator with a plurality of connections for directing the signals, a signal mixer for mixing the signals into superimposed waves, and photo diodes for receiving the superimposed waves.
1. An integrated fiber optic interferometry interrogator system configured to generate superimposed waves, the system comprising:
an optical light source configured to generate a first signal;
a first signal splitter coupled to an output of the optical light source and configured to split the first signal into a reference signal and an interrogation signal;
a first optical modulator configured to modulate the reference signal;
a second optical modulator configured to modulate the interrogation signal;
an optical coupler connected to an optical fiber;
a circulator coupled to the second optical modulator, the circulator comprising a plurality of connections, wherein
a first connection of the plurality of connections is configured to receive the modulated interrogation signal,
a second connection of the plurality of connections is configured to transmit the modulated interrogation signal through the optical coupler and is configured to receive from the optical coupler a version of the modulated interrogation signal backscattered from the fiber, and
a third connection of the plurality of connections configured to transmit through an isolator the backscattered version of the modulated interrogation signal; and
a signal mixer comprising a plurality of signal couplers configured
to receive the backscattered version of the modulated interrogation signal from the isolator,
to receive the reference signal modulated by the first optical modulator,
to mix the two received signals into the superimposed waves, and
to transmit the superimposed waves into a plurality of photo diodes, wherein one or more of the photo diodes are each configured to output a respective RF signal including the superimposed waves.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the light source includes a laser.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the laser includes one of a continuous-wave (CW) laser and a pulse-modulated CW laser.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical modulator includes at least one of an acousto-optical modulator and an electro-optical modulator and wherein the second optical modulator includes at least one of an acousto-optical modulator and an electro-optical modulator.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the fiber includes at least one of a single-mode-type, multimode-type, and polarization-preserving-type fiber-optic cable.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the signal couplers includes at least one of a signal splitter and a signal combiner.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the fiber has a length L and the light source includes a laser configured to generate a signal with sufficient stability so that the modulated interrogation signal is able to retain coherency in propagation along the fiber for a distance at least equal to two times the length L.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the fiber has a coating thereon made of a thermoplastic material having the combined characteristics of a low Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio below that of natural rubber, wherein the coating is configured to enhance the longitudinal component of strain variation derived from an acoustic wave signal.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of photo diodes are connected to a plurality of amplifiers and wherein the amplifiers are configured to generate radio frequency signals.
10. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a power supply.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system elements are at least one of optimally coupled, connected, and linked for at least one of maximum efficiency and lowest loss, wherein maximum efficiency includes at least one of cable length and number of splices.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein all signal splitters and signal couplers include a respective signal attenuator on each unused port.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein each signal attenuator is implemented by a respective mandrel.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is enclosed by a material configured to attenuate vibration.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the modulated backscattered signals are generated from at least one of acoustic pressure waves, electromagnetic fields, mechanical strain or pressure, and thermal strain or pressure.
16. A method comprising:
generating a first signal;
splitting the first signal into a reference signal and an interrogation signal;
modulating the reference signal using a first optical modulator;
modulating the interrogation signal using a second optical modulator;
using a circulator, coupled to the second optical modulator and comprising a plurality of connections
to receive, at a first one of the connections, the modulated interrogation signal,
to transmit, from a second one of the connections, the modulated interrogation signal into a fiber,
to receive, at the second one of the connections, a backscattered version of the modulated interrogation signal from the fiber, and
to transmit, from a third one of the connections, the backscattered version of the modulated interrogation signal; and
using a signal mixer comprising a plurality of signal couplers
to receive the backscattered version of the modulated interrogation signal from the third one of the connections of the circulator,
to receive the modulated reference signal from the first optical modulator, and
to mix the two received signals into superimposed waves.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein:
the fiber has a length L; and
generating the first signal includes generating the first signal with a stability sufficient for the modulated interrogation signal to retain coherency in propagation along the fiber for a distance at least equal to two times the length L.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the fiber has a coating thereon made of a thermoplastic material having the combined characteristics of a low Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio below that of natural rubber, wherein the coating enhances the longitudinal component of strain variation derived from an acoustic wave signal.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the system is enclosed by a material conducive for vibration attenuation.
20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising generating the modulated backscattered signals in response to at least one of acoustic pressure waves, electromagnetic fields, mechanical strain or pressure, and thermal strain or pressure experienced by the fiber.
21. A system, comprising:
a light source configured to generate a signal;
a splitter coupled to the light source and configured to split the signal into a reference signal and an interrogation signal;
a first modulator configured to modulate the reference signal;
a second modulator configured to modulate the interrogation signal;
a circulator coupled to the second modulator and configured
to couple the modulated interrogation signal to an optical fiber, and
to receive a portion of the modulated interrogation signal backscattered by the optical fiber;
a signal mixer coupled to the first modulator and to the circulator and configured to generate superimposed waves by mixing the backscattered portion of the modulated interrogation signal with the modulated reference signal; and
photo diodes coupled to the signal mixer and configured to generate at least one RF signal including the superimposed waves.