Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstocks

1. A system for producing high biogenic carbon concentration Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids and transportation fuels derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) processed feedstock, said system comprising:

a feedstock processing facility, the feedstock processing facility configured to receive MSW and to remove non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from the MSW to produce a segregated MSW processed feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon;

a bio-refinery for converting the MSW processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch the bio-refinery comprising:

a) a gasification island (GI) that provides gasification, sub-stoichiometric oxidation and hydrocarbon reforming of the MSW processed feedstock to produce syngas, wherein the gasification island is comprised of three stages:

1) a steam reformer, the steam reformer containing an indirect heating apparatus inside the steam reformer, and configured to dry, volatilize and gasify the processed feedstock to produce (i) a first syngas stream containing CO, H 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 , and unreacted hydrocarbons, and (ii) a stream of solids comprising ash and unreacted char;

2) a sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit configured to receive the stream of solids and gasify the unreacted char from the stream of solids to produce a second syngas stream, the second syngas stream joining the first syngas stream to form a third syngas stream and maximize the quantity of biogenic carbon in the MSW processed feedstock that is converted into F-T liquids; and

3) a hydrocarbon reforming unit configured to receive the third syngas stream and convert any remaining char, hydrocarbons and tars into syngas by thermally dissociating at temperatures in the range of 1800 to 3000 degrees F.; and wherein the hydrocarbon reformer unit further comprises a syngas cooling section to cool the third syngas stream;

b) a syngas conditioning unit configured to receive syngas from the gasification island and remove contaminants, remove/recover CO 2 and provide a CO 2 recycle stream containing biogenic carbon for recycling biogenic CO 2 to the gasification island for biogenic carbon conservation and to adjust the H 2 :CO 2 ratio in the syngas to a predetermined value;

c) one or more F-T reactors which receive syngas from the syngas conditioning unit and convert the syngas to F-T liquids;

d) a separation system which receives the F-T liquids from the one or more F-T reactors, and separates heavy F-T liquids (HFTL) and medium F-T (MFTL); and

e) an upgrading system comprising a hydrotreating/hydrocracking reactor and fractionation system configured to upgrade the HFTL and MFTL into a transportation fuel.

2. A system according to claim 1 wherein the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon is up to about 80% biogenic carbon in the MSW processed feedstock.

3. A system according to claim 1 wherein the F-T liquids converted in the one or more F-T reactors include F-T tailgas.

4. A system according to claim 3 wherein the F-T tailgas is recycled to at least one of the F-T reactors.

5. A system according to claim 1 wherein the fractionation system provides recycled biogenic hydrocarbon products.

6. A system for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids according to claim 1 wherein the transportation fuel include diesel fuel.

7. A system for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids according to claim 1 wherein the transportation fuel include synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK).

8. A system for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids according to claim 1 wherein the transportation fuel include naphtha.

9. A system for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids according to claim 1 wherein in the transportation fuel include at least one of naphtha, diesel fuel and synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK).

10. A system for producing high biogenic carbon concentration Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) processed feedstock, said system comprising:

a feedstock processing facility, the feedstock processing facility configured to receive MSW and to remove non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from the MSW to produce a segregated MSW processed feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon;

a bio-refinery for converting the MSW processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids, the bio-refinery comprising:

a) a gasification island (GI) that provides gasification, sub-stoichiometric oxidation and hydrocarbon reforming of the processed feedstock that contain a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon to produce syngas, wherein the gasification island is comprised of three stages:

1) a steam reformer, the steam reformer containing an indirect heating apparatus inside the steam reformer and configured to dry, volatilize and gasify the processed feedstock to produce (i) a first syngas stream containing CO, H 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 , and unreacted hydrocarbons, and (ii) a stream of solids comprising ash and unreacted char;

2) a sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit configured to receive the stream of solids and gasify the unreacted char from the stream of solids to produce a second syngas stream, the second syngas stream joining the first syngas stream to form a third syngas stream; and

3) a hydrocarbon reforming unit configured to receive the third syngas stream and convert any remaining char, hydrocarbons and tars into syngas by thermally dissociating at temperatures in the range of 1800 to 3000 degrees F.; and wherein the hydrocarbon reformer unit further comprises a syngas cooling section to cool the reformed third syngas stream;

b) a syngas conditioning unit configured to receive syngas from the gasification island and remove contaminants, remove/recover CO 2 and provide a high biogenic. CO 2 recycle stream for recycling high biogenic CO 2 to the gasification island for biogenic carbon conservation, and to adjust the H 2 :CO 2 ratio in the syngas to a predetermined value;

c) one or more F-T reactors which receive syngas from the syngas conditioning unit and convert the syngas to F-T liquids;

d) a separation system which receives the F-T liquids from the one or more F-T reactors, and separates heavy F-T liquids (HFTL) and medium F-T liquids (MFTL);

e) an upgrading system comprising a hydrotreating/hydrocracking reactor and fractionation system configured to upgrade the HFTL and MFTL into a transportation fuel; and

f) a power generator for converting at least some of the syngas having high biogenic carbon content into high biogenic power with reduced lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

11. A system for producing high biogenic carbon concentration Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) processed feedstock, said system comprising:

a bio-refinery for converting processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids, the processed feedstock derived from MSW that is processed to produce a feedstock that contains biogenic carbon and non-biogenic carbon, the bio-refinery comprising:

a) a gasification island (GI) that provides gasification, sub-stoichiometric oxidation and hydrocarbon reforming of the processed feedstock to produce syngas, wherein the gasification island is comprised of three stages:

1) a steam reformer, the steam reformer containing an indirect heating apparatus inside the steam reformer and configured to dry, volatilize and gasify the processed feedstock to produce (i) a first syngas stream containing CO, H 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 , and unreacted hydrocarbons, and (ii) a stream of solids comprising ash and unreacted char;

2) a sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit configured to receive the stream of solids and gasify the unreacted char from the stream of solids to produce a second syngas stream, the second syngas stream joining the first syngas stream to form a third syngas stream; and

3) a hydrocarbon reforming unit configured to receive the third syngas stream and convert any remaining char, hydrocarbons and tars into syngas by thermally dissociating at temperatures in the range of 1800 to 3000 degrees F.; and wherein the hydrocarbon reformer unit further comprises a syngas cooling section to cool the third syngas stream;

b) a syngas conditioning unit configured to receive syngas from the gasification island and remove contaminants, remove/recover CO 2 and provide a biogenic CO 2 recycle stream for recycling biogenic CO 2 to the gasification island for biogenic carbon conservation and to adjust the H 2 :CO 2 ratio in the syngas to a predetermined value; and

c) one or more F-T reactors which receive syngas from the syngas conditioning unit and convert the syngas to F-T liquids.

12. A system according to claim 11 , said system further comprising:

d) a separation system which receives the F-T liquids from the one or more F-T reactors, and separates heavy F-T liquids (HFTL) and medium F-T liquids (MFTL); and

e) an upgrading system comprising a hydrotreating/hydrocracking reactor and fractionation system configured to upgrade the HFTL and MFTL into a transportation fuel.