Diamond structures as fuel capsules for nuclear fusion
Fuel capsules usable in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactors have shells made from materials having a diamond (sp 3 ) lattice structure, including diamond materials in synthetic crystalline, polycrystalline (ordered or disordered), nanocrystalline and amorphous forms. The interior of the shell is filled with a fusion fuel mixture, including any combination of deuterium and/or tritium and/or helium-3 and/or other fusible isotopes.
1. An article of manufacture, comprising:
a shell substantially enclosing an interior region, the shell comprising
a polycrystalline diamond layer;
at least one opening in the shell; and
at least one of:
at least one sealable member configured to be capable of closing the opening; and
at least one fill tube configured to form a seal to the at least one opening in the shell,
wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer is formed by a plasma process and having a surface smoothness with deviations less than 4 nm,
wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer is formed of nanoscale crystal grains having an average value of a major axis of the crystal grains of 100 nm or less.
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the shell is formed by a microwave plasma process.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein a length of the interior region is between 0.9 mm and 1.95 mm.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the interior region is filled with solid or fluidic material differing from a substrate around which the shell was formed.
5. The article of claim 1 , wherein the interior region is filled by at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium.
6. The article of claim 5 , wherein the at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium is pressurized to greater than 1 atm.
7. The article of claim 1 , including a sealable member, wherein the sealable member comprises a diamond material.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the shell has a thickness of 50-500 μm.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer further comprises a dopant.
10. The article of claim 9 , wherein the dopant is at least one element selected from a list consisting of: boron, and nitrogen.
11. The article of claim 1 , the polycrystalline diamond layer being formed by a microwave plasma process;
and wherein a length of the interior region is between 0.9 and 1.95 mm.
12. The article of claim 11 , wherein the interior region is filled with solid or fluidic material differing from a substrate around which the shell was formed.
13. The article of claim 11 , wherein the interior region is filled by at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium.
14. The article of claim 13 , wherein the at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium is pressurized to greater than 1 atm.
15. The article of claim 11 , including a sealable member, wherein the sealable member comprises a diamond material.
16. The article of claim 11 , wherein the shell has a thickness of 50-500 μm.
17. The article of claim 16 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer further comprises a dopant.
18. The article of claim 17 , wherein the dopant is at least one element selected from a list consisting of: boron, and nitrogen.
19. The article of claim 1 ,
including a sealable member, wherein the interior region is filled by at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium, and wherein the sealable member comprises a diamond material.
20. The article of claim 19 , wherein the plasma process forming the shell is a microwave plasma process.
21. The article of claim 19 , wherein the at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium is pressurized to greater than 1 atm.
22. The article of claim 20 , wherein a length of the interior region is between 0.9 mm and 1.95 mm.
23. The article of claim 22 , wherein the shell has a thickness of 50-500 μm.
24. The article of claim 23 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer further comprises a dopant.
25. The article of claim 24 , wherein the dopant is at least one element selected from a list consisting of: boron, and nitrogen.
26. An article of manufacture, comprising:
a shell substantially enclosing an interior region, the shell comprising
a polycrystalline diamond layer;
at least one opening in the shell; and
at least one of:
at least one sealable member configured to be capable of closing the opening; and
at least one fill tube configured to form a seal to the at least one opening in the shell,
the polycrystalline diamond layer being formed by a plasma process and having a surface smoothness with deviations less than 4 nm;
wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer is formed of nanoscale crystal grains having an average value of a major axis of the crystal grains of 100 nm or less, and wherein the shell has a thickness of at least 50 μm.
27. The article of claim 26 , wherein the plasma process forming the shell is a microwave plasma process.
28. The article of claim 26 , wherein a length of the interior region is between 0.9 mm and 1.95 mm.
29. The article of claim 26 , wherein the interior region is filled with solid or fluidic material differing from a substrate around which the shell was formed.
30. The article of claim 26 , wherein the interior region is filled by at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium.
31. The article of claim 30 , wherein the at least one fusion fuel selected from deuterium and tritium is pressurized to greater than 1 atm.
32. The article of claim 26 , including a sealable member, wherein the sealable member comprises a diamond material.
33. The article of claim 26 , wherein the shell has a thickness of at least 50-500 μm.
34. The article of claim 26 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer includes a dopant.
35. The article of claim 34 , wherein the dopant is at least one element selected from a list consisting of: boron, and nitrogen.
36. A capsule usable in an inertial confinement fusion reactor comprising:
a shell substantially enclosing an interior region,
wherein the shell is spherical shell having concentric interior and exterior surfaces wherein, except for at least one opening in the shell forming at least one access port, the shell has a maximum deviation in thickness between interior and exterior surfaces of less than 200 nm, and local deviations from smoothness on the inner and outer surfaces on the shell are less than 4 nm,
the shell comprising
a polycrystalline diamond layer;
the at least one opening in the shell forming at least one access port;
and at least one of:
a sealable member configured to be capable of closing the at least one opening; and
a fill tube configured to form a seal to the at least one opening in the shell.
37. The capsule of claim 36 , wherein the shell is formed by a plasma process.
38. The capsule of claim 36 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer is formed of crystal grains that have an average value of a major axis of the crystal grains of 100 nm or less.
39. The capsule of claim 36 , wherein the capsule is filled with at least one fusion fuel comprising deuterium and/or tritium that is pressurized to greater than 1 atm.
40. The capsule of claim 36 , wherein the polycrystalline diamond layer further comprises a dopant.
41. The capsule of claim 40 , wherein the dopant is at least one element selected from among boron and nitrogen.