Photocathode device that replenishes photoemissive coating
A photocathode device may replenish its photoemissive coating to replace coating material that desorbs/evaporates during photoemission. A linear actuator system may regulate the release of a replenishment material vapor, such as an alkali metal, from a chamber inside the photocathode device to a porous cathode substrate. The replenishment material deposits on the inner surface of a porous membrane and effuses through the membrane to the outer surface, where it replenishes the photoemissive coating. The rate of replenishment of the photoemissive coating may be adjusted using the linear actuator system to regulate performance of the photocathode device during photoemission. Alternatively, the linear actuator system may adjust a plasma discharge gap between a cartridge containing replenishment material and a metal grid. A potential is applied between the cartridge and the grid, resulting in ejection of metal ions from the cartridge that similarly replenish the photoemissive coating.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a first chamber comprising a porous cathode substrate, the porous cathode substrate comprising an outer wall surface and an inner wall surface;
a second chamber housing a replenishment material, the second chamber separated from the first chamber by a first wall, the first wall comprising an orifice that allows a vapor of the replenishment material to move into the first chamber from the second chamber; and
a linear actuator system configured to convert the replenishment material into vapor or ions, wherein
at least some of the replenishment material vapor or ions travel through the inner wall surface of the porous cathode substrate to the outer wall surface of the porous cathode substrate, thereby replenishing a photoemissive coating.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the linear actuator system comprises:
a rod;
a compressive element configured to urge the rod into a position where a tip of the rod is forced into the orifice;
a first piezo-electrode and a second piezo-electrode configured to create a voltage potential therebetween; and
a piezo linear motor configured to oscillate the rod back and forth when the voltage potential is created between the first piezo-electrode and the second piezo-electrode.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a front tip of the rod moves into and out of the orifice during oscillation, assisting in evaporation of the replenishment material and creating a pressure that causes at least some of the replenishment material vapor to flow from the second chamber to the first chamber.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a back end of the rod is operably connected to the piezo linear motor.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third chamber comprising a compressive element, wherein
the second chamber further comprises a movable second wall that separates the second chamber from a third chamber, and
a compressive force is applied to the movable second wall by the compressive element.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a fill plug comprising an orifice through the second chamber that facilitates insertion of replenishment material into the second chamber.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a heating element configured to heat the replenishment material in the second chamber to further facilitate evaporation.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the linear actuator system further comprises:
a rod comprising a cartridge at an end thereof, the cartridge comprising the replenishment material and being inserted into the second chamber such that the second chamber comprises the replenishment material; and
a metallic grid spanning the orifice, wherein
the metallic grid provides a difference in electric potential with respect to the rod such that ions are generated from the replenishment material in the cartridge of the rod.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the linear actuator system is configured to move the rod to create a desired distance between the metallic grid and the cartridge to control a rate of ion emission.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the rod is removable from the apparatus such that it can be replaced when the replenishment material of the cartridge is depleted.
11. A photocathode device, comprising:
a first chamber comprising a porous cathode substrate, the porous cathode substrate comprising an outer wall surface and an inner wall surface;
a photoemissive coating on the outer wall surface of the porous cathode substrate;
a second chamber comprising a replenishment material, the second chamber separated from the first chamber by a first wall, the first wall comprising an orifice that allows a vapor of the replenishment material to move into the first chamber from the second chamber; and
a linear actuator system configured to convert the replenishment material into vapor, the linear actuator system comprising:
a rod,
a compressive element configured to urge the rod into a position where a tip of the rod is forced into the orifice,
a first piezo-electrode and a second piezo-electrode configured to create a voltage potential therebetween, and
a piezo linear motor configured to oscillate the rod back and forth when the voltage potential is created between the first piezo-electrode and the second piezo-electrode, wherein
at least some of the replenishment material vapor travel through the inner wall surface of the porous cathode substrate to the outer wall surface of the porous cathode substrate, thereby replenishing the photoemissive coating.
12. The photocathode device of claim 11 , wherein a front tip of the rod moves into and out of the orifice during oscillation, assisting in evaporation of the replenishment material and creating a pressure that causes at least some of the replenishment material vapor to flow from the second chamber to the first chamber.
13. The photocathode device of claim 11 , wherein a back end of the rod is operably connected to the piezo linear motor.
14. The photocathode device of claim 11 , further comprising:
a third chamber comprising a compressive element, wherein
the second chamber further comprises a movable second wall that separates the second chamber from a third chamber, and
a compressive force is applied to the movable second wall by the compressive element.
15. The photocathode device of claim 11 , further comprising:
a fill plug comprising an orifice through the second chamber that facilitates insertion of replenishment material into the second chamber.
16. The photocathode device of claim 11 , further comprising:
a heating element configured to heat the replenishment material in the second chamber to further facilitate evaporation.
17. A photocathode device, comprising:
a first chamber comprising a porous cathode substrate, the porous cathode substrate comprising an outer wall surface and an inner wall surface;
a photoemissive coating on the outer wall surface of the porous cathode substrate;
a second chamber separated from the first chamber by a first wall, the first wall comprising an orifice that allows ions of the replenishment material to move into the first chamber from the second chamber; and
a linear actuator system configured to convert the replenishment material into ions, the linear actuator system comprising:
a rod comprising a cartridge at an end thereof, the cartridge comprising the replenishment material and inserted into the second chamber such that the second chamber comprises the replenishment material, and
a metallic grid spanning the orifice, wherein
the metallic grid provides a difference in electric potential with respect to the rod such that ions are generated from the replenishment material in the cartridge of the rod, and
at least some of the replenishment material ions travel through the inner wall surface of the porous cathode substrate to the outer wall surface of the porous cathode substrate, thereby replenishing the photoemissive coating.
18. The photocathode device of claim 17 , wherein the rod is removable from the apparatus such that it can be replaced when the replenishment material of the cartridge is depleted.
19. The photocathode device of claim 17 , further comprising:
a third chamber comprising a compressive element, wherein
the second chamber further comprises a movable second wall that separates the second chamber from a third chamber, and
a compressive force is applied to the movable second wall by the compressive element.
20. The photocathode device of claim 17 , wherein the linear actuator system is configured to move the rod to create a desired distance between the metallic grid and the cartridge to control a rate of ion emission.