Corrosion-resistant glass melt electrodes and methods of using them
In various embodiments, refractory-metal glass melt electrodes are single-crystalline, at least within an outer layer thereof.
1. A glass melt electrode comprising:
a base sized and shaped for engagement with an interior surface of a glass-melting furnace; and
an elongated shaft extending from the base,
wherein (i) at least an outer surface layer of the shaft is single-crystalline and comprises one or more refractory metals, (ii) the outer surface layer of the shaft is disposed around a polycrystalline core, and (iii) a thickness of the outer surface layer is between approximately 100 μm and approximately 1500 μm.
2. The glass melt electrode comprising:
a base sized and shaped for engagement with an interior surface of a glass-melting furnace;
an elongated shaft extending from the base; and
a corrosion-resistant coating disposed on at least a portion of the shaft,
wherein the corrosion-resistant coating comprises at least one of MoSiB, MoZrO 2 , or SiBC.
3. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Mo or W.
4. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Nb, Ta, or Re.
5. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Hf, Ru, Rh, Os, or Ir.
6. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the core comprises the one or more refractory metals.
7. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , further comprising a corrosion-resistant coating disposed on at least a portion of the shaft.
8. The glass melt electrode of claim 7 , wherein the corrosion-resistant coating comprises at least one of MoSiB, MoZrO 2 , or SiBC.
9. The glass melt electrode of clam 7 , wherein a thickness of the corrosion-resistant coating is between approximately 100 μm and approximately 500 μm.
10. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the shaft defines a hollow cooling channel therewithin.
11. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Mo or W.
12. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Nb, Ta, or Re.
13. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Hf, Ru, Rh, Os, or Ir.
14. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein substantially all of the shaft is single crystalline.
15. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein an outer surface layer of the shaft is single-crystalline and disposed around a polycrystalline core.
16. The glass melt electrode of claim 15 , wherein the core comprises the one or more refractory metals.
17. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein a thickness of the corrosion-resistant coating is between approximately 100 μm and approximately 500 μm.
18. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein the shaft defines a hollow cooling channel therewithin.
19. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein (i) the shaft extends from the base to an end, and (ii) a diameter of the shaft, from the base to the end, is substantially constant.
20. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the shaft extends from the base to a flat end.
21. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein (i) the shaft extends from the base to an end, and (ii) a diameter of the shaft, from the base to the end, is substantially constant.
22. The glass melt electrode of claim 2 , wherein the shaft extends from the base to a flat end.