BAW resonator having lateral energy confinement and methods of fabrication thereof

1. A Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonator, comprising:

a piezoelectric layer;

a first electrode on a first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a second electrode on a second surface of the piezoelectric layer opposite the first electrode on the first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a passivation layer on a surface of the second electrode opposite the piezoelectric layer within an active region of the BAW resonator, the passivation layer having a thickness (T PA ) within the active region of the BAW resonator; and

one or more material layers on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in an outer region of the BAW resonator, the outer region of the BAW resonator being a region outside of the active region of the BAW resonator and the one or more material layers having a thickness that is n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer within the active region, wherein:

n is a value other than 1; and

n is within a range of values for which a density of mechanical energy in the outer region of the BAW resonator is reduced as compared to a density of mechanical energy in the outer region of the BAW resonator when n is equal to 1.

2. The BAW resonator of claim 1 wherein the one or more material layers comprise one or more layers of a material other than a passivation material comprised in the passivation layer.

3. The BAW resonator of claim 1 wherein n is such that the outer region of the BAW resonator and the active region of the BAW resonator are acoustically matched in such a manner that one or more wavelengths that cause energy leakage into the outer region are not excited in the active region.

4. The BAW resonator of claim 1 further comprising a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator within or on the second electrode, the border ring providing a mass loading.

5. The BAW resonator of claim 1 further comprising a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator, and n is such that a thickness of the one or more material layers in the outer region of the BAW resonator is less than or equal to a combined thickness of the second electrode, the border ring, and the passivation layer within the active region.

6. The BAW resonator of claim 1 wherein the passivation layer is also on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in the outer region of the BAW resonator, and the one or more material layers in the outer region is formed by a portion of the passivation layer in the outer region of the BAW resonator such that a thickness of the passivation layer in the outer region is the n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer in the active region.

7. The BAW resonator of claim 6 further comprising a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator, and n is such that a thickness of the passivation layer in the outer region of the BAW resonator is less than or equal to a combined thickness of the second electrode, the border ring, and the passivation layer within the active region.

8. The BAW resonator of claim 7 wherein the piezoelectric layer is Aluminum Nitride (AlN), the first and second electrodes each comprise a Tungsten layer and an Aluminum Copper layer, and the passivation layer is Silicon Nitride (SiN).

9. A BAW resonator comprising:

a piezoelectric layer;

a first electrode on a first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a second electrode on a second surface of the piezoelectric layer opposite the first electrode on the first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a passivation layer on a surface of the second electrode opposite the piezoelectric layer within an active region of the BAW resonator, the passivation layer having a thickness (T PA ) within the active region of the BAW resonator; and

one or more material layers on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in an outer region of the BAW resonator, the outer region of the BAW resonator being a region outside of the active region of the BAW resonator and the one or more material layers having a thickness that is n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer within the active region, wherein:

n is a value other than 1; and

n is such that the outer region of the BAW resonator and the active region of the BAW resonator are acoustically matched in such a manner that one or more wavelengths that cause energy leakage into the outer region are not excited in the active region.

10. A method of fabricating a BAW resonator, comprising:

providing an initial structure comprising a piezoelectric layer and a first electrode on a first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

providing a second electrode on a second surface of the piezoelectric layer opposite the first electrode on the first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

providing a passivation layer on a surface of the second electrode opposite the piezoelectric layer within an active region of the BAW resonator, the passivation layer having a thickness (T PA ) within the active region of the BAW resonator; and

providing one or more material layers on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in an outer region of the BAW resonator, the outer region of the BAW resonator being a region outside of the active region of the BAW resonator and the one or more material layers having a thickness that is n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer within the active region, wherein:

n is a value other than 1; and

n is such that the outer region of the BAW resonator and the active region of the BAW resonator are acoustically matched in such a manner that one or more wavelengths that cause energy leakage into the outer region are not excited in the active region.

11. A method of fabricating a Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonator, comprising:

providing an initial structure comprising a piezoelectric layer and a first electrode on a first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

providing a second electrode on a second surface of the piezoelectric layer opposite the first electrode on the first surface of the piezoelectric layer;

providing a passivation layer on a surface of the second electrode opposite the piezoelectric layer within an active region of the BAW resonator, the passivation layer having a thickness (T PA ) within the active region of the BAW resonator; and

providing one or more material layers on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in an outer region of the BAW resonator, the outer region of the BAW resonator being a region outside of the active region of the BAW resonator and the one or more material layers having a thickness that is n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer within the active region, wherein:

n is a value other than 1; and

n is within a range of values for which a density of mechanical energy in the outer region of the BAW resonator is reduced as compared to a density of mechanical energy in the outer region of the BAW resonator when n is equal to 1.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein n is such that the outer region of the BAW resonator and the active region of the BAW resonator are acoustically matched in such a manner that one or more wavelengths that cause energy leakage into the outer region are not excited in the active region.

13. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator within or on the second electrode, the border ring providing a mass loading.

14. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator, and n is such that a thickness of the one or more material layers in the outer region of the BAW resonator is less than or equal to a combined thickness of the second electrode, the border ring, and the passivation layer within the active region.

15. The method of claim 11 wherein providing the passivation layer comprises providing the passivation layer such that the passivation layer is also on the second surface of the piezoelectric layer adjacent to the second electrode in the outer region of the BAW resonator, and the one or more material layers in the outer region is formed by a portion of the passivation layer in the outer region of the BAW resonator such that the thickness of the passivation layer in the outer region is the n times the thickness (T PA ) of the passivation layer in the active region.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising providing a border ring around a periphery of the active region of the BAW resonator, and n is such that a thickness of the passivation layer in the outer region of the BAW resonator is less than or equal to a combined thickness of the second electrode, the border ring, and the passivation layer within the active region.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the piezoelectric layer is Aluminum Nitride (AlN), the first and second electrodes each comprise a Tungsten layer and an Aluminum Copper layer, and the passivation layer is Silicon Nitride (SiN).

18. The method of claim 11 wherein the one or more material layers comprise one or more layers of a material other than a passivation material comprised in the passivation layer.