High surface area anode with volume expansion features
A high surface area anode structure for a lithium ion secondary battery including an anolyte layer, wherein the anolyte layer includes vacant space formed within a percolating network for lithium deposition thereupon.
1. A negative electrode for a lithium (Li) ion secondary battery, comprising:
a current collector (CC) layer comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), stainless steel, alloys thereof, coatings thereof upon a substrate, and combinations thereof; and
an anolyte layer between and in contact with both the CC layer and a solid state electrolyte (SSE) layer;
wherein:
the anolyte layer comprises a liquid or gel; and
the anolyte layer comprises
a percolating network of electrically conductive species, the percolating network comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of binders, carbon, polymers, nanoparticles, nanowires, and combinations thereof, and comprising pores within the percolating network for Li deposition.
2. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the CC is a coating on a substrate and the coating is a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, and combinations thereof.
3. The negative electrode of claim 2 , wherein the substrate is a member selected from the group consisting of a plastic substrate, a polymer substrate, a ceramic substrate, and a carbon substrate.
4. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the porosity of the SSE is greater than 0% and less than 5%.
5. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the SSE is selected from the group consisting of LSPS, eLSPS, LSTPS, LSTPSO, LPS, eLPSO, LPSO, eLPS, LSS, solid polymer electrolyte, polymer/ceramic composites, and a lithium stuffed garnet.
6. The negative electrode of claim 5 , wherein the SSE is eLPS, eLSPS, or eLPSO.
7. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the SSE comprises a lithium stuffed garnet.
8. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of carbon mat, carbon mesh, carbon foam, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon fibers, vapor grown carbon fibers, and expanded metal mesh.
9. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises nanowires.
10. The negative electrode of claim 9 , wherein the nanowires are carbon nanowires.
11. The negative electrode of claim 9 , wherein the nanowires are insulating carbon nanowires.
12. The negative electrode of claim 9 , wherein the nanowires have nanoparticles thereupon.
13. The negative electrode of claim 12 , wherein the nanoparticles are Cu nanoparticles, Pt nanoparticles, Pd nanoparticles, or carbon (C) nanoparticles.
14. The negative electrode of claim 9 , wherein the nanowires are insulating and are selected from the group consisting of insulating carbon nanowires, cellulosic fibers, and insulating oxides.
15. The negative electrode of claim 14 , wherein the nanowires have nanoparticles thereupon and the nanoparticles are Cu nanoparticles or carbon (C) nanoparticles.
16. The negative electrode of claim 14 , wherein the insulating oxide is selected from the group consisting of ZnO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and combinations thereof.
17. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), PEO-PPO block co-polymers, styrene-butadiene, polystyrene (PS), acrylates, diacrylates, methyl methacrylates, silicones, acrylamides, t-butyl acrylamide, styrenics, t-alpha methyl styrene, acrylonitriles, and vinyl acetates.
18. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises a binder selected from the group consisting of polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), atactic polypropylene (aPP), isotactive polypropylene ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene pentene copolymer (EPC), polyisobutylene (PIB), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyolefins, polyethylene-co-poly-l-octene (PE-co-PO), PE-co-poly(methylene cyclopentane) (PE-co-PMCP), stereoblock polypropylenes, polypropylene polymethylpentene copolymers, and silicones.
19. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the anolyte is characterized by an electronic conductivity (σ e )<a Lithium conductivity (σ Li ).
20. The negative electrode of claim 19 , wherein σ e is at least one order of magnitude lower than σ Li .
21. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the liquid of the anolyte layer is contained within the negative electrode by a member selected from the group consisting of a gasket, a seal, and a membrane.
22. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises pores and the pores have walls coated with at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, nickel, copper, and combinations thereof.
23. An energy storage device comprising the negative electrode of claim 1 , a cathode, and an electrolyte between the cathode and the anode such that the energy storage device has a capacity of greater than 300 mAh/g when the negative electrode is 30 millivolts (mV) relative to a lithium electrode.
24. An energy storage device comprising the negative electrode of claim 1 .
25. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the percolating network comprises a metal that alloys with Li and the metal is Ag, Mg, Si, Pt, Cu, and/or Ni.