System and method for determining a position of an object

1. A system for determining a position and a change in the position of an anatomical structure, comprising:

a surgical navigation system;

a substrate comprising means for removably and non-invasively attaching the substrate to an outer surface of a body, wherein the body includes an anatomical structure;

a sensor attached to the substrate that can be tracked by the surgical navigation system to determine a position of the sensor;

an ultrasonic imaging device attached to the substrate and utilized to determine a position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor;

a first circuit for calculating a global position of the anatomical structure by concatenating the position of the sensor and the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor; and

a second circuit for displaying the global position of the anatomical structure on a display unit.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a point source adapted to be disposed adjacent the anatomical structure, wherein the ultrasonic imaging device and the point source are utilized to determine the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the ultrasonic imaging device comprises a plurality of ultrasound transducers and the point source is a passive point source that comprises a plurality of sonic reflective balls adapted to be disposed adjacent the anatomical structure, and wherein at least one of the ultrasound transducers is adapted to emit an ultrasonic beam, wherein the ultrasonic beam is reflected by at least one of the sonic reflective balls to the ultrasound transducers to determine the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the sonic reflective balls are substantially composed of air.

5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the sonic reflective balls comprise a resorbable material.

6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the ultrasonic imaging device comprises a plurality of receivers and the point source is an active point source that comprises a plurality of source transducers adapted to be disposed adjacent the anatomical structure, and wherein at least one of the source transducers is adapted to emit an ultrasonic beam, wherein the ultrasonic beam is received by the receivers to determine the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the anatomical structure is a bony structure, the sensor comprises an optical tracking device, and the substrate is approximately 5 cm in width and approximately 5 cm in length.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the means for removably attaching the substrate to an outer surface of a body comprises an adhesive.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the means for removably attaching the substrate to an outer surface of a body comprises a band.

10. A method for determining a position and a change in the position of an anatomical structure spaced interiorly from an outer surface of a body using a surgical navigation system and a substrate, the substrate comprising means for non-invasive attachment to the outer surface of the body, a sensor connected with the substrate, and a positional device for determining a position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor, wherein the positional device includes an ultrasonic imaging device attached to the substrate, the method comprising the steps of:

attaching the substrate in a removable manner to the outer surface of the body with the means for non-invasive attachment;

determining the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor using the ultrasonic imaging device;

tracking the sensor with the surgical navigation system to determine a position of the sensor;

determining the global position of the anatomical structure by concatenating the position of the sensor and the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor; and

displaying the position of the anatomical structure on a display unit.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of determining the global position of the anatomical structure is performed without invasively affixing a reference device to the body.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein multiple positional devices simultaneously determine the position of the anatomical structure, and wherein the method further comprises the step of calibrating the multiple positional devices by using a calibration object to determine relative distances between the positional devices.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the positional devices comprise ultrasonic imaging devices and the calibration object comprises a needle with an ultrasonic tip.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the positional device further includes a point source disposed adjacent the anatomical structure, and wherein the ultrasonic imaging device and the point source are utilized to determine the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the point source is a sonic reflective ball and the ultrasonic imaging device comprises a plurality of ultrasound transducers.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising the step of injecting the sonic reflective ball percutaneously under the ultrasonic imaging device.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the ultrasonic imaging device comprises a plurality of receivers and the point source comprises a plurality of source transducers.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein at least one of the source transducers emits an ultrasonic beam, and wherein the ultrasonic beam is received by the receivers to determine the position of the anatomical structure relative to the sensor.