Method of making a foam
A method of making a foam uses the following steps. A mixture is created having a polymerizable condensation polymer and a blowing agent. The polymerizable condensation polymer has hydroxy acid units and unsaturated di-functional units. The unsaturated di-functional units are unsaturated dicarboxylic acid units or unsaturated di-alcohol units. The mixture is expanded to create a froth. The polymerizable condensation polymer in the froth is reacted to create the foam.
1. A method of making a foam comprising:
(1) creating a mixture at a temperature of at most 45° C. comprising:
(i) a polymerizable condensation polymer comprising:
hydroxy acid units;
unsaturated di-functional units selected from one or more of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid units and unsaturated di-alcohol units; and
optionally, a branching unit selected from (a) a polyfunctional alcohol unit derived from polyfunctional alcohol having three or more hydroxyl groups or epoxide groups and (b) a multifunctional acid unit derived from multifunctional acids having three or more carboxyl groups; and
(ii) a blowing agent;
(2) expanding the mixture to create a froth comprising bubbles of the expanded blowing agent suspended in the mixture without a solidified resin matrix surrounding and encasing the bubbles; and
(3) free radical thermoset reacting the polymerizable condensation polymer in the froth to create a foam comprising a molecular network comprising multiples of the polymerizable condensation polymer forming a solidified resin matrix surrounding and encasing the bubbles within the molecular network and having a density of at most 20.0 pounds per cubic foot.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydroxy acid units are selected from one or more of α-hydroxy acid units, β-hydroxy acid units, aliphatic α-hydroxy acid units, aromatic α-hydroxy acid units, L-lactic acid units, D-lactic acid units, glycolic acid units, 2-hydroxycaproic acid units, 6-hydroxycaproic acid units, L-mandelic acid units, D-mandelic acid units, malic acid units, and citric acid units.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated di-functional units comprise unsaturated dicarboxylic acid units.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated di-functional units comprise unsaturated di-alcohol units.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer comprises a branching unit comprising a polyfunctional alcohol unit derived from a polyfunctional alcohol having three or more hydroxyl groups or epoxide groups.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer comprises a branching unit comprising a polyfunctional alcohol unit selected from one or more of pentaerythritol units, trimethylolpropane units, mannitol units, glycerol units, polyglycerol units, epoxidized triglyceride units, and epoxidized soybean oil units.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer comprises a branching unit comprising a multifunctional acid unit derived from multifunctional acids having three or more carboxyl groups.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the branching unit comprises a multifunctional acid unit selected from one or more of 1,1,3-propane-tricarboxylic acid units, pyromellitic dianhydride units, benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride units, 1,1,2-ethanecarboxylic acid units, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid units, and 1,2,3,4-cyclopentane-tetracarboxylic acid units.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer further comprises a saturated di-functional unit selected from one or more of:
saturated di-carboxylic acid units; and
saturated di-alcohol units.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer further comprises one or more functional end cap units in an amount of at least 2 mole % and at most 20 mole %.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer comprises:
at least 35 mole % hydroxy acid units and at most 85 mole % hydroxy acid units;
at least 6 mole % unsaturated di-functional units and at most 24 mole % unsaturated di-functional units.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture further comprises a co-reactant having a functionality of two or one, wherein the co-reactant is selected from one or more of styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl maleate, and acrylate.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the co-reactant comprises an acrylate, with the acrylate comprising a diacrylate.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture further comprises high-functionality reactant having a functionality of three or more, wherein the high-functionality reactant is not the polymerizable condensation polymer.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the blowing agent comprises physical blowing agent, and the expanding step expands the physical blowing agent from a pressure of at least 200 psig.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the froth is exposed to atmospheric pressure during the reaction step.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the polymerizable condensation polymer comprises a branching unit in an amount of at least 1 mole % branching units and at most 14 mole % branching units.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture further comprises an initiator, the method further comprising activating the initiator in the froth.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the initiator comprises radiation-activated initiator, and the reacting step further comprises exposing the froth to an amount and type of radiation sufficient to activate the radiation-activated initiator.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the initiator comprises thermally-activated initiator, wherein the reacting step further comprises heating the froth to a temperature sufficient to activate the thermally-activated initiator.