Microstructure enhanced absorption photosensitive devices
Techniques for enhancing the absorption of photons in semiconductors with the use of microstructures arc described. The microstructures, such as pillars and/or holes, effectively increase the effective absorption length resulting in a greater absorption of the photons. Using microstructures for absorption enhancement for silicon photodiodes and silicon avalanche photodiodes can result in bandwidths in excess of 10 Gb/s at photons with wavelengths of 850 nm, and with quantum efficiencies of approximately 90% or more.
1. A silicon photodetector with microstructure-enhanced photoabsorption comprising:
a silicon cathode region and a silicon anode region that are doped to conductivity types opposite to each other and have respective thicknesses;
a silicon I region that is between the silicon anode region and the silicon cathode region, has a thickness, and has doping, if any, of less than 5.10 16 /cm 3 ;
wherein:
when under reverse bias in the range of minus 1 to minus 20 Volts, at which said silicon anode region is more negative than said silicon cathode region, an electrical field induced thereby in said silicon I region extends along a field direction;
said silicon I region and at least one of said silicon cathode region and said silicon anode region are configured at least in part into a silicon microstructure-enhanced photon absorbing semiconductor volume that:
has plural intentionally formed microstructures comprising holes that form sidewalls of portions of said silicon cathode region, silicon I region and silicon anode region, which sidewalls define the entire space occupied by the holes, wherein said holes:
extend generally in the field direction substantially through the entire I region, extend substantially through the entire one of the cathode region and the anode region, and extend, if at all, substantially through no more than a majority of the thickness of the other one of said cathode region and said anode region;
are empty or only partially filled with material different from that of said I region, said cathode region, and said anode region, and
are substantially normal to the thickness of at least one of said cathode region, said I region, and said anode region; and
for incident light in the range of 750-1100 nanometers wavelength impinging on the volume generally along the field direction, has greater absorption than an otherwise same volume without said intentionally formed microstructures;
in the field direction, the silicon I region is:
less than 5000 nanometers thick; and
thicker than at least one of the silicon cathode region and the silicon anode region; and
under reverse bias in the range of minus 1 to minus 20 Volts, and for at least a part of said incident light wavelength range, the photodetector has:
data bandwidth greater than 5 Gigabits per second; and
quantum efficiency that includes a range of 30% or more.
2. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein for incident light at 850 nm wavelength the photodetector has data bandwidth of at least 10 Gigabits per second.
3. The photodetector of claim 2 , wherein the photodetector has data bandwidth of at least 20 Gigabits per second.
4. The photodetector of claim 3 , wherein the data bandwidth is at least 28 Gigabits per second.
5. The photodetector of claim 4 , wherein the data bandwidth is at least 45 Gigabits per second.
6. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the photodetector has data bandwidth of at least 10 Gigabits per second.
7. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the photodetector has data bandwidth of at least 20 Gigabits per second.
8. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the data bandwidth is at least 28 Gigabits per second.
9. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the data bandwidth is at least 45 Gigabits per second.
10. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the cathode region is N-doped to more than 5.10 17 /cm 3 .
11. The photodetector of claim 10 , wherein the cathode region is N-doped with phosphorus.
12. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the anode region is P-doped to more than 5.10 18 /cm 3 .
13. The photodetector of claim 2 , wherein the anode region is P-doped with boron.
14. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein said holes have diameters that are in the 50-1200 nm range.
15. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein said holes have diameters that are in the 100-5000 nm range.
16. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the spacing of said holes is in the 20-2000 nm range.
17. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the spacing of said holes is in the 100-10000 nm range.
18. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein said holes are in a periodic array.
19. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 40%.
20. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 45%.
21. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 50%.
22. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 60%.
23. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 70%.
24. The photodetector of claim 1 , wherein the microstructures effectively reduce capacitance of the photodetector when compared to a microstructure-free device having an otherwise similar photoabsorbing region.
25. The photodetector of claim 1 , in which the holes extend through substantially the entire thickness of the other one of said cathode region and anode region.
26. The photodetector of claim 1 , in which the incident light wavelength is 850 nanometers.
27. The photodetector of claim 1 , in which the incident light is a single beam directed to a plurality of said holes.
28. A silicon photodetector with microstructure-enhanced photoabsorption comprising:
a silicon cathode region and a silicon anode region that are doped to conductivity types opposite to each other and have respective thicknesses;
a silicon I region that is between the silicon anode region and the silicon cathode region, has a thickness, and has doping, if any, of less than 5.10 16 /cm 3 ;
wherein when under reverse bias, the silicon anode region is more negative than the silicon cathode region, thereby inducing an electrical field in the silicon I region extending in a field direction;
said silicon I region and at least one of the silicon cathode region and the silicon anode region being configured into a photon absorbing volume that:
has plural intentionally formed microstructures comprising holes that form sidewalls of portions of said silicon cathode region, silicon I region and silicon anode region, which sidewalls define the entire space occupied by the holes, wherein said holes extend, generally in the field direction, substantially through the entire I region and substantially through the entire one of the cathode region and anode region, and extend, if at all, through no more than a majority of the thickness of the other one of said cathode region and said anode region, said holes being empty or only partially filled with material different from that of the I region, the cathode region, and the anode region, and said holes being substantially normal to the thickness of at least one of said cathode region, I region, and anode region; and
absorbs incident light in the 750-1100 nanometer wavelength range impinging on the volume in an incident direction;
wherein:
in the field direction the silicon I region is:
less than 5000 nanometers thick; and
thicker than at least one of the silicon cathode region and the silicon anode region; and
when under reverse bias in the range of minus 1 to minus 20 Volts, and for at least a part of said incident light wavelength range, the photodetector has:
data bandwidth greater than 5 Gigabits per second; and
quantum efficiency that includes a range of 30% or more.
29. The photodetector of claim 28 , wherein the quantum efficiency of the photodetector includes a range exceeding 25%.
30. The photodetector of claim 28 , wherein the incident light wavelength is 850 nm.
31. The photodetector of claim 28 , wherein the incident light is a single beam received at a plurality of said holes.