Biodegradable magnesium alloys, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same
Disclosed herein is an article comprising a metal alloy; where the metal alloy comprises a base metal, a second element and a third element; where the base metal is magnesium, calcium, strontium, zinc, or a combination thereof; where the second element is chemically different from the third element; and where the second element and the third element are scandium, yttrium, gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof; and a protective layer disposed upon the metal alloy and is reactively bonded to the metal alloy; where the protective layer comprises a base non-metallic derivative, a second non-metallic derivative and a third non-metallic derivative of metals present in the metal alloy; and where the base non-metallic derivative, the non-second metallic derivative and the third non-metallic derivative are all chemically different from one another.
1. An article comprising:
a metal alloy; where the metal alloy comprises a base metal, a second element and a third element; where the base metal is magnesium, calcium, strontium, zinc, or a combination thereof; where the second element is chemically different from the third element; and where the second element and the third element are scandium, gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof; and
a protective layer disposed upon the metal alloy and is reactively bonded to the metal alloy; where the protective layer comprises a base non-metallic derivative, a second non-metallic derivative and a third non-metallic derivative of metals present in the metal alloy; and where the base non-metallic derivative, the second non-metallic derivative and the third non-metallic derivative are all chemically different from one another.
2. The article of claim 1 , where the protective layer comprises a plurality of layers; with an outermost layer comprising an oxide of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or a combination thereof; while an inner layer comprises an oxide of scandium, gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof.
3. The article of claim 1 , where the article is an implant in the body of a living being.
4. The article of claim 1 , where the protective layer has a thickness of 0.1 nanometers to 500 nanometers.
5. The article of claim 1 , where the base metal is present in an amount of 70 to 98 wt %, the second element is present in an amount of 0.1 to 24.6 wt %, and the third element is present in an amount of 0.1 to 11.4 wt %, based on the total weight of the metal alloy.
6. The article of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is magnesium.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is calcium.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is strontium.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is zinc.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the base metal is magnesium, the second element is scandium, and the third element is cerium.
11. An article comprising:
a metal alloy; where the metal alloy comprises a base metal, a second element and a third element; where the base metal is calcium, strontium, zinc, or a combination thereof; where the second element is chemically different from the third element; and where the second element and the third element are scandium, yttrium, gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof; and
a protective layer disposed upon the metal alloy and is reactively bonded to the metal alloy; where the protective layer comprises a base non-metallic derivative, a second non-metallic derivative and a third non-metallic derivative of metals present in the metal alloy; and where the base non-metallic derivative, the second non-metallic derivative and the third non-metallic derivative are all chemically different from one another.
12. The article of claim 11 , where the protective layer comprises a plurality of layers; with an outermost layer comprising an oxide of calcium, strontium, or a combination thereof; while an inner layer comprises an oxide of scandium, yttrium, gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof.
13. The article of claim 11 , wherein the second element is yttrium and the third element is scandium.
14. The article of claim 11 , wherein the second element is yttrium and the third element is selected from gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof.
15. The article of claim 11 , wherein the second element is scandium and the third element is selected from gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof.
16. An article comprising:
a metal alloy; where the metal alloy comprises a base metal, a second element and a third element; where the base metal is magnesium, calcium, strontium, zinc, or a combination thereof; where the second element is chemically different from the third element; and where the second element and the third element are gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof;
a protective layer disposed upon the metal alloy and is reactively bonded to the metal alloy; where the protective layer comprises a base non-metallic derivative, a second non-metallic derivative and a third non-metallic derivative of metals present in the metal alloy; and where the base non-metallic derivative, the second non-metallic derivative and the third non-metallic derivative are all chemically different from one another; and
wherein the protective layer comprises a plurality of layers; with an outermost layer comprising an oxide of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or a combination thereof; while an inner layer comprises an oxide of gadolium, cerium, neodymium, dysporium, or a combination thereof.
17. The article of claim 16 , wherein the outermost layer is an oxide of magnesium.
18. The article of claim 16 , wherein the outermost layer is an oxide of calcium.
19. The article of claim 16 , wherein the outermost layer is an oxide of strontium.
20. The article of claim 16 , wherein the outermost layer is an oxide of zinc.