Composite antiballistic radome walls and methods of making the same
Composite radome wall structures ( 10 ) exhibit both antiballistic and radar transparency properties and include an antiballistic internal solid, void-free core ( 12 ) and external antireflective (AR) surface layers ( 14 - 1, 14 - 2 ) which sandwich the core. The antiballistic core can be a compressed stack of angularly biased unidirectional polyethylene monolayers formed of tapes and/or fibers. Face sheets ( 16 - 1, 16 - 2 ) and/or one or more impedance matching layers ( 27, 28 ) may optionally be positioned between the antiballistic core and one (or both) of the external AR layers so as to bond the core to the AR surface layer(s) and/or selectively tune the radome wall structure to the frequency of transmission and reception associated with the radar system.
1. A composite radome wall structure comprising:
an antiballistic solid, void-free internal core,
antireflective (AR) external surface layers which sandwich the core, and
at least one impedance matching layer formed of a ceramic material which is positioned relative to the core to provide a strike face for the composite radome wall structure, wherein
the AR external surface layers are subwavelength surface (SWS) structures which include surface relief gratings comprising moth-eye surfaces comprised of inwardly inverted recesses having a size smaller than a wavelength of incident X-band or K-band radiation frequencies.
2. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , which exhibits an electromagnetic transmission efficiency at a frequency of 2 to 40 GHz of 90% or greater.
3. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 2 , which exhibits National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard Level III antiballistic properties.
4. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , wherein the antiballistic core comprises a compressed stack of angularly biased unidirectional polyethylene monolayers.
5. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 4 , wherein the stack of angularly biased unidirectional polyethylene monolayers comprises unidirectional polyethylene tapes or fibers.
6. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 5 , wherein the polyethylene tapes consist of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
7. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , wherein the SWS structures comprise a cross-linked polystyrene film.
8. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 7 , wherein the cross-linked polystyrene film has a thickness between about 2 to about 10 mm.
9. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 8 , wherein the cross-linked polystyrene film is micromachined so as to exhibit recessed relief structures.
10. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 9 , wherein centers of adjacent ones of the recessed relief structures are separated from one another by about 6.0 mm.
11. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one face sheet layer comprised of a reinforced resin matrix interposed between the core and a respective one of the AR surface layers.
12. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 11 , which comprises a reinforced resin matrix layer interposed between the core and each one of the AR surface layers.
13. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 12 , wherein the resin matrix face layers include a fibrous or particulate reinforcement filler material.
14. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 13 , wherein the reinforcing material is at least one selected from glass, graphite and carbon.
15. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , wherein the strike face is positioned between an outer one of the AR external surface layers and the core.
16. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , wherein the AR external surface layers comprise a film having a thickness between about 2 to about 10 mm which includes the surface relief gratings.
17. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 1 , wherein the surface relief gratings comprise a dense plurality of recessed relief structures, each consisting of an upper generally cylindrical recess and a lower generally cylindrical aperture concentrically positioned with respect to the recesses.
18. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 17 , wherein each of the average depth and diameter of the upper recess of the recessed relief structures is between about 4.0 to about 6.0 mm.
19. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 17 , wherein the average depth and diameter of the lower aperture of the recessed relief structures is between about 2.5 to about 3.0 mm and between about 4.5 to about 5.0 mm, respectively.
20. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 17 , wherein each of the average depth and diameter of the upper recess of the recessed relief structures is between about 4.64 mm to about 5.16 mm, and wherein the average depth and diameter of the lower aperture of the recessed relief structures is about 4.88 mm and about 2.78 mm, respectively.
21. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 17 , wherein the recessed relief structures are symmetrically positioned in a dense plurality of offset rows and columns.
22. The composite radome wall structure according to claim 17 , wherein centers of adjacent recessed relief structures are separated from one another by between about 5.0 to about 7.0 mm.
23. A radome which comprises the composite radome wall structure of claim 1 .
24. A radar system which comprises the radome of claim 23 .
25. A method of making a composite radome wall structure comprising:
(i) sandwiching an antiballistic solid, void-free internal core between antireflective (AR) external surface layers which are subwavelength surface (SWS) structures which include surface relief gratings comprising moth-eye surfaces comprised of inwardly inverted recesses having a size smaller than a wavelength of incident X-band or K-band radiation frequencies, and
(ii) positioning at least one impedance matching layer that is formed of a ceramic material relative to the core to provide a strike face for the composite radome wall structure.
26. The method according to claim 25 , which comprises consolidating the core and AR surface layers under elevated temperature and pressure for a sufficient time to obtain the composite radome wall structure.
27. The method according to claim 26 , wherein the step of consolidating the core and AR surface layers is practiced at a temperature of between 120° C. and 150° C. and a pressure of at least 50 bar.
28. The method according to claim 25 , wherein the surface relief gratings comprise a dense plurality of recessed relief structures, each consisting of an upper generally cylindrical recess and a lower generally cylindrical aperture concentrically positioned with respect to the recesses.
29. The method according to claim 28 , wherein each of the average depth and diameter of the upper recess of the recessed relief structures is between about 4.0 to about 6.0 mm.
30. The method according to claim 28 , wherein the average depth and diameter of the lower aperture of the recessed relief structures is between about 2.5 to about 3.0 mm and between about 4.5 to about 5.0 mm, respectively.
31. The method according to claim 28 , wherein each of the average depth and diameter of the upper recess of the recessed relief structures is between about 4.64 mm to about 5.16 mm, and wherein the average depth and diameter of the lower aperture of the recessed relief structures is about 4.88 mm and about 2.78 mm, respectively.
32. The method according to claim 28 , wherein the recessed relief structures are symmetrically positioned in a dense plurality of offset rows and columns.
33. The method according to claim 28 , wherein centers of adjacent recessed relief structures are separated from one another by between about 5.0 to about 7.0 mm.