Methods of preparing nicotinamide riboside and derivatives thereof

1. A method of preparing a compound of formula (I)

comprising reacting a compound of formula (II)

with a compound of formula Z + X − ,

in the presence of an aqueous solution and a carbon-containing catalyst, to form the compound of formula (I),

wherein:

n is 0 or 1;

m is 0 or 1;

Y is O or S;

R 1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and substituted or unsubstituted azido;

R 2 -R 5 which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl;

X − is an anion, selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate; and

Z + is a N-containing cation.

2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein Z + is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinium, a substituted or unsubstituted imidazolium and a substituted or unsubstituted triazolium.

3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution comprises, in addition to water, an organic solvent.

4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (II) and the compound of formula Z + X − are present in a respective molar ratio of from about 1:5 to about 5:1.

5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (II) and the carbon-containing catalyst are present in a respective molar ratio of from about 10:1 to about 1:10.

6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction is carried out in a pH range of from about 6 to about 8.

7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein X − is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid and an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted dicarboxylic acid.

8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula Z + X − is selected from ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium trifluoroacetate, ammonium ascorbate, ammonium aspartate, ammonium glutamate and ammonium lactate.

9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein, in the compound of formula (I), n is 0, m is 1, R 1 is NH 2 , R 2 -R 5 are each H, and X − is selected from chloride, acetate, formate and trifluoroacetate.

10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (II) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (III)

with a deprotecting agent to form the compound of formula (II),

wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 in the compound of formula (III), which may be the same or different, are each independently a hydroxyl-protecting group.

11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently an ester-type protecting group, an ether-type protecting group, or a silyl-type protecting group.

12. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the deprotecting agent is an acid or a base.

13. A method according to claim 10 , wherein at least two of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 comprise unsubstituted acetyl or unsubstituted benzoyl and the deprotecting agent is a base.

14. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a protic or aprotic solvent or a combination thereof.

15. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the reactants are subjected to mechanical grinding.

16. A method according to claim 10 , wherein, in the compound of formula (III),

n is 0, m is 1, R 1 is NH 2 , R 2 -R 5 are each H, and R 6 -R 8 are each acetyl; or

n is 1, Y is O, m is 1, R 1 is ethyl, R 2 -R 5 are each H, and R 6 -R 8 are each acetyl; or

n is 0, m is 1, R 1 is NH 2 , R 2 -R 5 are each H, and R 6 -R 8 are each benzoyl.

17. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the compound of formula (Ill) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV)

with a reducing agent,

an aqueous solution,

and an organic solvent to form the compound of formula (III).

18. A method according to claim 17 , wherein when at least two of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 comprise unsubstituted acetyl, the organic solvent is selected from dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, n-butyl acetate, chloroform and ethyl acetate, or a combination thereof.

19. A method according to claim 17 , wherein when at least two of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 comprise unsubstituted benzoyl, the organic solvent is selected from trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, diisopropyl ether, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether, benzene and diethyl ether, or a combination thereof.

20. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the reducing agent is selected from sodium dithionite or sodium borohydride.

21. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the method comprises the additional steps of

separating the organic phase from the aqueous phase; and

extracting the compound of formula (Ill) from the organic solvent.

22. A method according to claim 17 or 21 , wherein the reactants are subjected to mechanical grinding.

23. A method according to claim 17 , wherein, in the compound of formula (IV),

n is 0, m is 1, R 1 is NH 2 , R 2 -R 5 are each H, R 6 -R 8 are each acetyl, and X − is − Otf; or

n is 1, Y is O , m is 1, R 1 is ethyl, R 2 -R 5 are each H, R 6 -R 8 are each acetyl, and X − is − Otf; or

n is 0, m is 1, R 1 is NH 2 , R 2 -R 5 are each H, and R 6 -R 8 are each benzoyl, and X − is − Otf.

24. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing catalyst is activated charcoal.

25. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the ester-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from acetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, benzoyl, and trihaloacetyl.

26. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the ester-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from trifluoroacetyl and trichloroacetyl.

27. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the R 6 , R 7 and R 8 moieties are selected from substituted and unsubstituted acetyl, and substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl.

28. A method according to claim 27 , wherein at least two of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are selected from unsubstituted acetyl or unsubstituted benzoyl.

29. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula Z+X− is selected from ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate and ammonium trifluoroacetate.