Heater and method of operating

1. A heating system, comprising:

a plurality of heaters, each of said plurality of heaters comprising:

a housing;

a plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies each having a plurality of fuel cells which convert chemical energy from a fuel into heat and electricity through a chemical reaction with an oxidizing agent; and

a conductor electrically connecting said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies to an electronic controller which monitors and controls electric current produced by said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies;

wherein said conductor of one of said plurality of heaters allows electric current produced by said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies of said one of said plurality of heaters to be monitored and controlled by said electronic controller independently of said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies of at least another one of said plurality of heaters;

wherein said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies are located within said heater housing such that each fuel cell stack assembly of the plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies is spaced axially apart from adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies within said heater housing;

said conductor electrically connects said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies to said electronic controller which monitors and controls electric current produced by said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies;

said conductor of said one of said plurality of heaters allows electric current produced by said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said one of said plurality of heaters to be monitored and controlled by said electronic controller independently of said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said at least another one of said plurality of heaters; and

wherein said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of a given one of said plurality of heaters is connected in series.

2. The heating system as in claim 1 comprising:

a first oxidizing agent supply conduit for supplying said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters;

a second oxidizing agent supply conduit for supply said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters; and

an oxidizing agent supply arranged to selectively supply said oxidizing agent to 1) only said first oxidizing agent supply conduit, 2) only said second oxidizing agent supply conduit, and 3) both said first oxidizing agent supply conduit and said second oxidizing agent supply conduit-based on a control signal from said electronic controller.

3. The heating system as in claim 1 wherein said fuel is a reformed fuel, said plurality of heaters comprising:

a fuel supply conduit for supplying said fuel to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters; and

a fuel reformer which produces said reformed fuel from an unreformed fuel supplied from a fuel source; wherein

said fuel source is configured to add said unreformed fuel to said fuel supply conduit downstream of said fuel reformer based on a first control signal from said electronic controller.

4. The heating system as in claim 3 further comprising a dilutant source containing a dilutant and configured to add said dilutant to said fuel supply conduit downstream of said fuel reformer based on a second control signal from said electronic controller.

5. The heating system as in claim 4 wherein said dilutant comprises one of H 2 O and N 2 .

6. The heating system as in claim 1 wherein said plurality of heaters is disposed within a bore hole of an oil containing geological formation.

7. A method of operating a heating system, said heating system comprising a plurality of heaters, each of said plurality of heaters comprising 1) a housing, 2) a plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies each having a plurality of fuel cells which convert chemical energy from a fuel into heat and electricity through a chemical reaction with an oxidizing agent, and 3) a conductor electrically connecting said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies to an electronic controller, said method comprises:

a) using said electronic controller and said conductor of one of said plurality of heaters to monitor and control electric current produced by said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies of said one of said plurality of heaters; and

b) using said electronic controller and said conductor of another one of said plurality of heaters to monitor and control electric current produced by said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies of said another one of said plurality of heaters;

wherein step a is performed independently of step b;

wherein said plurality fuel cell stack assemblies are located within said heater housing such that each fuel cell stack assembly of the plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies is spaced axially apart from adjacent fuel cell stack assemblies within said heater housing, and said conductor electrically connects said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies to said electronic controller, said method further comprising:

c) using said electronic controller and said conductor of said one of said plurality of heaters to monitor and control electric current produced by said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said one of said plurality of heaters; and

d) using said electronic controller and said conductor of said another one of said plurality of heaters to monitor and control electric current produced by said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said another one of said plurality of heaters;

wherein step c is performed independently of step d;

wherein the method further comprises the step of operating said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of a given one of said plurality of heaters in series.

8. The method as in claim 7 wherein said plurality of heaters further comprises a first oxidizing agent supply conduit for supplying said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters; a second oxidizing agent supply conduit for supplying said oxidizing agent to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters; and an oxidizing agent supply, said method further comprising supply said oxidizing agent to 1) only said first oxidizing agent supply conduit, 2) only said second oxidizing agent supply conduit, and 3) both said first oxidizing agent supply conduit and said second oxidizing agent supply conduit from said oxidizing agent supply based on a control signal from said electronic controller.

9. The method as in claim 7 wherein said fuel is a reformed fuel and said plurality of heaters comprise a fuel supply conduit for supplying said fuel to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters and a fuel reformer which produces said reformed fuel from an unreformed fuel supplied from a fuel source; said method further comprising adding said unreformed fuel to said fuel supply conduit downstream of said fuel reformer based on a first control signal from said electronic controller.

10. The method as in claim 9 wherein said plurality of heaters further comprise a dilutant source containing a dilutant, said method further comprising adding said dilutant to said fuel supply conduit downstream of said fuel reformer based on a second control signal from said electronic controller.

11. The method as in claim 10 wherein said step of adding said dilutant comprises adding one of H 2 O and N 2 to said fuel supply conduit downstream of said fuel reformer.

12. The method as in claim 7 wherein said fuel is a reformed fuel and said plurality of heaters comprise a fuel supply conduit for supplying said fuel to said plurality of fuel cell stack assemblies of said plurality of heaters and a fuel reformer which produces said reformed fuel from an unreformed fuel supplied from a fuel source; said method further comprising varying the composition of said reformed fuel based on a control signal from said electronic controller.

13. The method as in claim 7 further comprising disposing said plurality of heaters within a bore hole of an oil containing geological formation.