Three dimensional electrode having electron directing members and method of making the same
A battery has a three dimensional electrode including a current collector, electron directing members, each electron directing member having a perimeter edge attached to a surface of the current collector with a polymer binder, the electron directing members extending from the surface of the current collector and configured to direct electron flow along a layered direction of the electrode, an active material layer on the current collector and a separator. The electron directing members extend into the active material layer and having a free end in spaced relation to the separator.
1. A three dimensional electrode having an active material layered between a current collector and a separator, the three dimensional electrode comprising:
electron directing members extending from a surface of the current collector and configured to direct electron flow along a layered direction of the electrode, the electron directing members being sheets of highly conductive and chemically inert material each contacting the current collector at an edge and extending vertically from the surface of the current collector so that each sheet is perpendicular to the current collector; and
one or more horizontal nanotubes extending between adjacent sheets, the one or more horizontal nanotubes being parallel to the current collector and spaced from the current collector.
2. The three dimensional electrode of claim 1 , wherein the sheets are graphene sheets.
3. The three dimensional electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are grown from a sputtered metal on one of the pair of adjacent vertically aligned sheets and attached to the other of the pair of adjacent vertically aligned sheets with a functional group.
4. The three dimensional electrode of claim 3 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are carbon nanotubes.
5. The three dimensional electrode of claim 3 , wherein the sheets are graphene and the functional group is a carboxylic acid.
6. The three dimensional electrode of claim 3 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are of a magnetic material.
7. The three dimensional electrode of claim 3 , wherein the one or more nanotubes are a plurality of nanotubes, each of the plurality of nanotubes separated from another nanotube by between 20-50 nanometers.
8. The three dimensional electrode of claim 1 , wherein the sheets extend into the active material layer.
9. The three dimensional electrode of claim 8 , wherein each sheet has a free end opposite the current collector and spaced from the separator.
10. The three dimensional electrode of claim 1 , wherein the sheets each have a height of between about 50 and 60 microns.
11. The three dimensional electrode of claim 1 , wherein the sheets are attached to the current collector with a polymer binder.
12. A battery with an electrode comprising:
a current collector;
electron directing members, each electron directing member formed as a sheet having a perimeter edge attached to a surface of the current collector with a polymer binder, the electron directing members extending from the surface of the current collector to be perpendicular to the current collector and configured to direct electron flow along a layered direction of the electrode;
one or more horizontal nanotubes extending between adjacent sheets, the one or more horizontal nanotubes being parallel to the current collector and spaced from the current collector;
an active material layer on the current collector; and
a separator, the electron directing members extending into the active material layer and having an opposing perimeter edge proximate to and in spaced relation to the separator.
13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the sheets are graphene, the sheets spaced from each other along the surface of the current collector.
14. The battery of claim 13 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are grown from a sputtered metal on one of the pair of adjacent vertically aligned sheets and attached to the other of the pair of adjacent vertically aligned sheets with a functional group.
15. The battery of claim 14 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are carbon nanotubes.
16. The battery of claim 14 , wherein the functional group is a carboxylic acid.
17. The battery of claim 14 , wherein the one or more horizontal nanotubes are of a magnetic material.
18. The battery of claim 14 , wherein the one or more nanotubes are a plurality of nanotubes, each of the plurality of nanotubes separated from another nanotube by between 20-50 nanometers.
19. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the current collector is a copper foil.