Three dimensional electrode having electron directing members and method of making the same

1. A method of making a three dimensional electrode having an active material layered between a current collector and a separator, the method comprising:

growing nanotubes at predetermined points on a first sheet of electron directing material, wherein the electron directing material is highly conductive and chemically inert;

aligning the nanotubes in a direction perpendicular to the first sheet;

functionalizing a distal end of each nanotube;

bonding a second sheet of electron directing material to the functionalized distal end of each nanotube;

depositing magnetic particles along the second sheet;

applying a magnetic field to the magnetic particles to rotate the first sheet, the second sheet and the nanotubes ninety degrees to form an electron directing structure; and

attaching the electron directing structure on a surface of the current collector with a polymer binder, wherein the electron directing structure is configured to direct electron flow along a layered direction of the three dimensional electrode.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein growing the nanotubes comprises:

sputtering a metal on a surface of the first sheet; and

growing the nanotubes with chemical vapor deposition.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the metal is magnetic, growing magnetic nanotubes, and aligning the nanotubes comprises applying a magnetic field to the nanotubes.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

depositing the active material layer on the current collector such that the electron directing structure extends along a thickness of the active material layer.

5. The method of claim 4 further comprising:

layering electrolyte and the separator on the active material layer, wherein the end of the electron directing structure opposite the current collector is in spaced relation to the separator.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

hot-pressing the electron directing structure and the current collector.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are a non-magnetic material and aligning the nanotubes comprises:

depositing a magnetic particle on each nanotube; and

applying a magnetic field to the magnetic particle.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are carbon nanotubes.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electron directing material is graphene.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are functionalized with carboxylic acid.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are spaced from each other by a range of 20-50 nanometers.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electron directing structure has a height of between about 50 and 60 microns.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

after bonding the second sheet, growing nanotubes at predetermined points on the second sheet;

aligning the nanotubes in a direction perpendicular to the second sheet;

functionalizing a distal end of each nanotube;

bonding a third sheet of electron directing material to the functionalized distal end of each nanotube; and

depositing magnetic particles along a surface of the third sheet prior to applying the magnetic field to the magnetic particles.

14. A method of making a three dimensional electrode for a battery, the method comprising:

growing carbon nanotubes at predetermined points on a first sheet of graphene;

decorating the carbon nanotubes with magnetic particles;

aligning the nanotubes in a direction perpendicular to the first sheet by applying a magnetic force to the magnetic particles;

functionalizing a distal end of each nanotube;

bonding a second sheet of graphene to the functionalized distal end of each nanotube;

depositing additional magnetic particles along the second sheet;

applying a magnetic field to the additional magnetic particles to rotate the first sheet, the second sheet and the nanotubes ninety degrees to form an electron directing structure; and

attaching the electron directing structure on a surface of a current collector with a polymer binder.

15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:

layering an active material layer on the current collector and around the electron directing structure, wherein the electron directing structure is configured to direct electron flow along a layered direction of the three dimensional electrode.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising:

layering electrolyte and the separator on the active material layer, wherein the end of the electron directing structure opposite the current collector is in spaced relation to the separator.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the nanotubes are functionalized with carboxylic acid.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the nanotubes are spaced from each other by a range of 20-50 nanometers.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the electron directing structure has a height of between about 50 and 60 microns.