Optical delay lines for electrical skew compensation
A skew compensation apparatus and method. In an optical system that uses optical signals, skew may be generated as the optical signals are processed from an input optical signal to at least two electrical signals representative of the phase-differentiated optical signals. A compensation of the skew is provided by including an optical delay line in the path of the optical signal that does not suffer the skew (e.g., that serves as the time base for the skew measurement). The optical delay line introduces a delay T skew equal to the delay suffered by the optical signal that is not taken as the time base. The two signals are thereby corrected for skew.
1. A skew compensated opto-electrical apparatus, comprising:
a signal converter mounted on a substrate configured to convert at least two optical signals into at least two electrical signals, said at least two electrical signals comprising a first electrical signal and at least one other electrical signal, said at least two optical signals comprising a first optical signal corresponding to the first electrical signal and at least one other optical signal corresponding to the at least one other electrical signal, respectively;
each of said at least one other electrical signals subject to a different predetermined timing delay relative to the first electrical signal caused by the signal converter;
said signal converter comprising:
at least two optical ports, comprising a first optical port for the first optical signal and at least one other optical port for the at least one other optical signal, respectively; and
at least two electrical ports, comprising a first electrical port for the first electrical signal, and at least one other electrical port for the at least one other electrical signal, respectively; and
skew compensation elements consisting of a different waveguide optical delay line in optical communication with each of said at least one other optical ports, each optical delay line consisting of a single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to said at least one other optical signals, respectively, to at least partially compensate for the different predetermined timing delays in the at least one other electrical signal.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one other optical signal comprises three other optical signals;
wherein the at least one other electrical signal comprises three other electrical signals;
wherein the optical delay lines comprise three optical delay lines of different length, each optical delay line generating a different pre-determined compensation timing delay in each of the three other optical signals prior to signal conversion, whereby the different pre-determined compensation timing delays compensate for the different predetermined timing delays in the three other electrical signals relative to the first electrical signal.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
an input port for inputting an input optical signal;
a polarization beam splitter for splitting the input optical signal into first and second polarized components;
a local oscillator for generating first and second oscillator components;
a first hybrid mixer for generating first and second phase differentiate optical signals from the first polarized component and the first oscillator component;
a second hybrid mixer for generating third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals from the second polarized component and the second oscillator component;
wherein said at least two optical signals comprise the first, second, third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein said optical delay lines are disposed between the polarization beam splitter and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer, and between the local oscillator and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising respective photodiodes and electrical amplifiers for converting each of said first, second, third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals into said at least two electrical signals comprising the first, a second, a third and a fourth electrical signals, and thereby generating the predetermined timing delays in the electrical signals.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each optical delay line comprises a single mode waveguide on the substrate.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each optical delay line comprises a multi-mode waveguide on the substrate.
8. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein each optical delay line is mounted on the substrate along with the polarization beam splitter and the first and second hybrid mixers.
9. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein each optical delay line is mounted on the substrate along with the polarization beam splitter, the first and second hybrid mixers, and the photodiodes.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each optical delay line comprises silicon.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein at least one optical delay line is about 75 μm long providing about 1 ps of delay.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein at least one optical delay line is about 225 μm long providing about 3 ps of delay.
13. A method of compensating skew, comprising the steps of:
a) providing an apparatus, comprising:
a substrate;
a signal converter integrated on the substrate, configured to convert at least two optical signals into at least two electrical signals, said at least two electrical signals comprising a first electrical signal and at least one other electrical signal, said at least two optical signals comprising a first optical signal corresponding to the first electrical signal and at least one other optical signal corresponding to the at least one other electrical signal, respectively;
each of said at least one other electrical signals subject to a different predetermined timing delay relative to the first electrical signal caused by the signal converter; and
said signal converter comprising: at least two optical ports, comprising a first optical port for the first optical signal and at least one other optical port for the at least one other optical signal, respectively;
and at least two electrical ports comprising a first electrical port for the first electrical signal, and at least one other electrical port for the at least one other electrical signal, respectively; and
b) determining each of the different predetermined timing delays; and
c) integrating skew compensating elements consisting of a different waveguide optical delay line in optical communication with each of said at least one other optical port, each said optical delay line consisting of a single fixed length of waveguide configured, based on step b), to apply a single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to said at least one other optical signals to at least partially compensate for the different predetermined timing delays in the at least one other electrical signal.
14. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein the at least one other optical signal comprises three other optical signals;
wherein the at least one other electrical signal comprises three other electrical signals;
wherein the step of integrating optical delay lines comprise integrating three optical delay lines of different length, each optical delay line generating a different pre-determined compensation timing delay in each of the three other optical signals prior to signal conversion, whereby the different pre-determined compensation timing delays compensate for the different predetermined timing delays in the three other electrical signals relative to the first electrical signal.
15. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein the apparatus further comprises:
an input port for inputting an input optical signal;
a polarization beam splitter for splitting the input optical signal into first and second polarized components;
a local oscillator for generating first and second oscillator components;
a first hybrid mixer for generating first and second phase differentiated optical signals from the first polarized component and the first oscillator component;
a second hybrid mixer for generating third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals from the second polarized component and the second oscillator component;
wherein said at least two optical signals comprise the first, second, third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals.
16. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein step b) comprises determining each of the different predetermined timing delays based on measurements of the signal converter prior to manufacture of the optical delay lines.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein said optical delay lines are disposed between the polarization beam splitter and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer, and between the local oscillator and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer.
18. The method of compensating skew of claim 17 , wherein the apparatus further comprises respective photodiodes and electrical amplifiers for converting each of said first, second, third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals into said at least two electrical signals comprising the first, a second, a third and a fourth electrical signals, and thereby generating the predetermined timing delays in the electrical signals.
19. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein each optical delay line comprises is a single mode waveguide on the substrate.
20. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein each optical delay line comprises is a multi-mode waveguide on the substrate.
21. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein step b) comprises determining each of the different predetermined timing delays based on past experience with similar signal converters.
22. The method of compensating skew in an optical system of claim 17 , wherein each optical delay is mounted on the substrate along with the polarization beam splitter and the first and second hybrid mixers.
23. The method of compensating skew of claim 18 , wherein each optical delay line is mounted on the substrate along with the polarization beam splitter, the first and second hybrid mixers, and the photodiodes.
24. The method of compensating skew of claim 13 , wherein each optical delay line comprises silicon.
25. The method of compensating skew of claim 24 , wherein at least one optical delay line is about 75 μm long providing about 1 ps of delay.
26. The method of compensating skew of claim 24 , wherein at least one optical delay line is about 225 μm long providing about 3 ps of delay.
27. A signal converter device, comprising:
a substrate;
an input port for inputting an input optical signal;
a polarization beam splitter for splitting the input optical signal into first and second polarized components;
a local oscillator for generating first and second oscillator components;
a first hybrid mixer integrated on the substrate for generating first and second phase differentiate optical signals from the first polarized component and the first oscillator component, and for outputting the first and second phase differentiated optical signals to the first and second output ports, respectively;
a second hybrid mixer integrated on the substrate for generating third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals from the second polarized component and the second oscillator component, and for outputting the third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals to the third and fourth output ports, respectively;
photodiodes and electrical amplifiers integrated on the substrate for converting each of said first, second, third and fourth phase differentiated optical signals into first, second, third and fourth electrical signals, and thereby generating predetermined timing delays in the first, second and third electrical signals relative to the fourth electrical signal;
first, second and third optical delay lines integrated on the substrate in optical communication with said first, second and third output ports, respectively, each optical delay line consisting of a single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a single fixed predetermined pre-skew compensation timing delay to said first, second and third phase differentiated optical signals to compensate for the predetermined timing delays in the first, second and third electrical signals caused by the photodiodes and electrical amplifiers, whereby the first, second, third and fourth electrical signals have substantially zero relative skew to each other after conversion.
28. The device of claim 27 , wherein said optical delay lines are disposed between the polarization beam splitter and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer, and between the local oscillator and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer.
29. The device of claim 27 , wherein each optical delay line comprises a different length single mode waveguide.
30. The device of claim 27 , wherein at least one optical delay lines comprises silicon about 75 μm long providing about 1 ps of delay.
31. The device of claim 27 , wherein at least one optical delay lines comprises silicon about 225 μm long providing about 3 ps of delay.