Processes for preparing estolide base oils and oligomeric compounds that include cross metathesis
Provided herein are estolide base oils and oligomeric compounds prepared from processes that include cross metathesis. Exemplary processes include the preparation of terminally-unsaturated fatty acids by cross metathesis, and the subsequent oligomerization of terminally-unsaturated fatty acids to provide estolide compounds, such as the process set forth below:
1. A process comprising:
providing at least one first estolide compound having at least one fatty acid capping residue with at least one internal site of unsaturation;
providing at least one olefin reactant; and
contacting the at least one first estolide compound with the at least olefin reactant in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to provide an olefin product and at least one second estolide compound, wherein the at least one second estolide compound comprises at least one fatty acid capping residue with a terminal site of unsaturation.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein, for the at least one first estolide compound, the at least one internal site of unsaturation is a double bond.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the olefin product comprises a terminal olefin.
4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the terminal olefin comprises 1-decene.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the terminal site of unsaturation is a double bond.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one olefin reactant comprises an unsaturated fatty acid and/or an unsaturated fatty ester.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one olefin reactant comprises an alpha olefin.
8. The process according to claim 7 , wherein the alpha olefin comprises ethylene.
9. The process according to claim 7 , wherein the alpha olefin comprises at least three carbon atoms.
10. The process according to claim 9 , wherein the alpha olefin is selected from at least one of propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, or 1-octene.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the metathesis catalyst is an osmium or ruthenium alkylidene metathesis catalyst.
12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the metathesis catalyst is a first generation or second generation Grubbs'-type metathesis catalyst.
13. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising functionalizing the terminal site of unsaturation.
14. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the functionalizing comprises hydrogenating the terminal site of unsaturation.
15. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the functionalizing comprises reacting the terminal site of unsaturation with at least one carboxylic acid, wherein a covalent bond is formed between an oxygen of a carboxylic group of the at least one carboxylic acid and a carbon of the terminal site of unsaturation.
16. The process according to claim 15 , wherein the at least one carboxylic acid is a fatty acid.
17. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the functionalizing comprises exposing the terminal site of unsaturation to further cross metathesis conditions.
18. The process according to claim 17 , wherein the further cross metathesis conditions comprise reacting the terminal site of unsaturation with an acrylate or acrylic acid in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to provide a terminal ester or carboxylic acid, respectively.
19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one fatty acid capping residue with at least one internal site of unsaturation comprises an oleic acid residue.
20. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one fatty acid capping residue with a terminal site of unsaturation comprises a C 10 residue.