Three phase immiscible polymer-metal blends for high conductivty composites
Provided is a method of forming a conductive polymer composite. The method includes forming a mixture. The mixture includes a first thermoplastic polymer, a second thermoplastic polymer and a plurality of metal particles. The first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are immiscible with each other. The plurality of metal particles include at least one metal that is immiscible with both the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer. The method includes heating the mixture to a temperature greater than or equal to a melting point of the metal.
1. A method of forming a conductive polymer composite, comprising:
forming a mixture comprising a first thermoplastic polymer, a second thermoplastic polymer and a plurality of metal particles, wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are immiscible with each other, and wherein the plurality of metal particles comprise at least one metal that is immiscible with both the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer;
wherein forming the mixture comprises melting the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer such that they form two co-continuous immiscible phases separated by an interface, and
wherein the melting comprises melting the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer at a temperature below a melting point of the plurality of metal particles;
heating the mixture to a temperature greater than or equal to the melting point of the plurality of metal particles, and
forming a composite by cooling the heated mixture,
wherein the composite comprises a continuous metal trace,
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer comprises one or more of polycaprolactone, polylactic acid (PLA), copolymers thereof, or mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises a first domain consisting essentially of the first thermoplastic polymer, a second domain consisting essentially of the second thermoplastic polymer, and a third domain consisting essentially of the at least one metal.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the mixture comprises providing the first thermoplastic polymer, the second thermoplastic polymer and the plurality of metal particles to a three-dimensional printer;
melting the thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer; and extruding the heated mixture onto a substrate to form a three-dimensional object.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising extruding the mixture to form a conductive polymer composite filament.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing the composite to a three-dimensional-printer, heating the composite, and extruding the heated composite onto a substrate to form a three-dimensional object.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein upon heating the mixture, the plurality of metal particles undergo a phase separation comprising coalescing of at least two of the plurality of metal particles.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal particles localize at an interface between the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer further comprises one or more of high density polyethylene (HDPE), metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE), polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic urethane (TPU), ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), copolymers thereof, or mixtures thereof, and wherein the second thermoplastic polymer is different than the first thermoplastic polymer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second thermoplastic polymer comprises high density polyethylene (HDPE), metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE), polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic urethane (TPU), ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), polycaprolactone, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), copolymers thereof, or mixtures thereof, and wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is different than the second thermoplastic polymer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles comprise BiSnPb, BiSn, BiSnAg, SbPbBi, SnBi, InSn, SnInAg, SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu, SnSb, SnAgSb, or mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixing comprises providing the plurality metal particles in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 75% by weight, relative to the total weight of the mixture.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles comprise a mixture of more than one of BiSnPb, BiSn, BiSnAg, SbPbBi, SnBi, InSn, SnInAg, SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu, SnSb, or SnAgSb.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles comprise BiSnAg and at least one of BiSnPb, BiSn, BiSnAg, SbPbBi, SnBi, InSn, SnInAg, SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu, SnSb, SnAgSb, or mixtures thereof.