Sodium-halogen secondary cell
An intermediate temperature sodium-halogen secondary cell that includes a negative electrode compartment housing a negative, molten sodium-based electrode and a positive electrode compartment housing a current collector disposed in a highly conductive molten positive electrolyte. A sodium halide (NaX) positive electrode is disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising one or more AlX 3 salts, wherein X may be the same or different halogen selected from Cl, Br, and I, wherein the ratio of NaX to AlX 3 is greater than or equal to one. A sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane separates the molten sodium negative electrode from the molten positive electrolyte. The secondary cell operates at a temperature in the range from about 80° C. to 210° C.
1. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising:
a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten or solid state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge;
a positive electrode compartment consisting of:
a NaX positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of one or more NaAlX 4 salts, wherein X is the same or different element selected from Cl, Br, and I;
additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte of 1:1 to 3:1; and
a current collector; and
a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane comprising a NaSICON-type material and that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and
wherein:
the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+X 2 ↔2Na + +2X − ; and
the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a solid phase at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.
2. The secondary cell of claim 1 , wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte is a mixture of two different NaAlX 4 salts represented by the general formula NaAlX′ 4−δ X″ δ , where 0<δ<4, wherein X′ and X″ are different elements selected from Cl, Br and I.
3. The secondary cell of claim 2 , wherein the two different NaAlX 4 salts have the general formula NaAlX′ 4 and NaAlX″ 4 at various molar ratios.
4. The secondary cell of claim 3 , wherein the molar ratio of NaAlX′ 4 to NaAlX″ 4 is in the range of 9:1 to 1:9 with corresponding δ values of 0.4 to 3.6.
5. The secondary cell of claim 3 , wherein the molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte is greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX′ 4−δ X″ δ .
6. The secondary cell of claim 1 , wherein the secondary cell operates at a temperature between 80° C. and 210° C.
7. The secondary cell of claim 1 , wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte is a mixture of three different NaAlX 4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX′ 4−δ− ω X″ δ X′″ ω , where X′, X″ and X′″ are three different elements selected from Cl, Br, and I, where 0<δ<4, 0< ω <4, and 0<δ+ ω <4.
8. The secondary cell of claim 7 , wherein the three different NaAlX 4 salts have the formula NaAlCl 4 , NaAlBr 4 , and NaAI 4 , at various molar ratios.
9. The secondary cell of claim 7 , wherein the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX′ 4−δ− ω X″ δ X′″ ω , where 0<δ<4, 0< ω <4, and 0<δ+ ω <4.
10. The secondary cell of claim 1 , wherein the current collector comprises at least one of carbon, tungsten, molybdenum, and titanium.
11. The secondary cell of claim 1 , wherein the current collector comprises at least one of wires, felts, foils, plates, parallel plates, tubes, meshes, mesh screens, and foams.
12. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising:
a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge;
a positive electrode compartment consisting of:
a NaI positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of comprising one or more NaAlX 4 salts, wherein X is the same or different element selected from Cl, Br, and I;
additional NaI is present in a molar ratio of NaI to the mixed molten positive electrolyte of 1:1 to 3:1; and
a current collector; and
a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and
wherein the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+I 2 ↔2Na + +2I − ; and
the additional NaI is present in a solid phase at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.
13. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising:
a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten or solid state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge;
a positive electrode compartment consisting of:
a NaX positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of at least two different NaAlX 4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX′ 4−δ X″ δ , wherein 0<δ<4, and X′ and X″ are different element selected from Cl, Br, and I;
additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX′ 4−δ X″ δ ; and
a current collector; and
a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and
wherein:
the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+X 2 ↔2Na + +2X − ; and
the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a solid phase within the positive electrode at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.
14. The secondary cell of claim 13 , wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte comprises three different NaAlX 4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX′ 4−δ− ω X″ δ X′″ ω , where X′, X″ and X′″ are three different elements selected from Cl, Br, and I, where 0<δ<4, 0< ω <4, and 0<δ+ ω <4; and
wherein the additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX′ 4−δ− ω X″ δ X′″ ω .
15. The secondary cell of claim 14 , wherein the three NaAlX 4 salts have the formula NaAlCl 4 , NaAlBr 4 , and NaAlI 4 , at various molar ratios.
16. The secondary cell of claim 13 , wherein the secondary cell operates at a temperature between about 80° C. and 210° C.
17. The secondary cell of claim 13 , wherein the electrolyte membrane comprises a NaSICON-type material.