Floormat physiological sensor
A stand-on physiological sensor (e.g. floormat) measures vital signs and various hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure and ECG waveforms. The sensor is similar in configuration to a common bathroom scale and includes electrodes that take electrical measurements from a patient's feet to generate bioimpedance waveforms, which are analyzed digitally to extract various other parameters, as well as a cuff-type blood pressure system that takes physical blood pressure measurements at one of the patient's feet. Blood pressure can also be calculated/derived from the bioimpedance waveforms. Measured parameters are transmitted wirelessly to facilitate remote monitoring of the patient for heart failure, chronic heart failure, end-stage renal disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and other degenerative diseases.
1. A system for measuring a blood pressure value from a patient, comprising:
a base comprising a bottom surface configured to rest on or near a substantially horizontal surface, and a top surface configured to receive at least one of the patient's feet;
a cuff-based system, mounted directly on the base and configured to receive a foot from the patient, comprising an inflatable bladder configured to apply pressure to a portion of the foot and analyzes the applied pressure to determine a blood pressure calibration value;
an electrical impedance system connected to the top surface, the electrical impedance system comprising at least four electrodes, with a first electrode configured to inject an electrical current into the patient's feet, and a second electrode configured to measure a first set of signals induced by the electrical current and representative of an impedance plethysmogram;
a heart rate monitoring system connected to the top surface and comprising a differential amplifier connected to an electrode that can be either the second electrode or a new, third electrode, the differential amplifier configured to measure a second set of signals representative of a cardiac rhythm from the patient; and
a processing system in electrical contact with the electrical impedance system and the heart rate monitoring system, and configured to: 1) receive the first set of signals from the electrical impedance system and convert them into a set of impedance values; 2) analyze the set of impedance values to determine a first time value indicating a first pulsatile component; 3) receive the second set of signals from the heart rate monitoring system and convert them into a set of cardiac rhythm values; 4) analyze the set of cardiac rhythm values to determine a second pulsatile component; 5) collectively process the first and second pulsatile components to determine a pulse transit time value; and 6) determine the blood pressure value by collectively processing the pulse transit time value and the blood pressure calibration value determined by the cuff-based system.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; and 2) determine a local maximum of the set of derivative values to determine the first pulsatile component.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; and 2) determine a zero-point crossing of the set of derivative values to determine the first pulsatile component.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; 2) estimate the set of derivative values with a mathematical function; and 3) analyze the mathematical function to determine the first pulsatile component.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a local maximum of the cardiac rhythm values to determine the second pulsatile component.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cardiac rhythm values are representative of an ECG waveform.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine an R point in the QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a Q point in the QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to further process the cardiac rhythm values to determine a heart rate value.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the cardiac rhythm values are representative of an ECG waveform.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a QRS complex in the ECG waveform.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a first R point in a first QRS complex, and a second R point in a second QRS complex, and then determine a heart rate from a time interval separating the first and second R points.
14. A system for measuring a blood pressure value from a patient, comprising:
a base comprising a bottom surface configured to rest on or near a substantially horizontal surface, and a top surface configured to receive at least one of the patient's feet;
a cuff-based system, mounted directly on the base and configured to receive a foot from the patient, comprising an inflatable bladder configured to apply pressure to a portion of the foot and analyzes the applied pressure to determine a blood pressure calibration value;
an electrical impedance system connected to the top surface, the electrical impedance system comprising at least four electrodes, with a first electrode configured to inject an electrical current into the patient's feet, and a second electrode configured to measure a first set of signals induced by the electrical current and representative of a set of impedance values;
a heart rate monitoring system connected to the top surface and comprising a differential amplifier connected to an electrode that can be either the second electrode or a new, third electrode, the differential amplifier configured to measure a second set of signals representative of a set of cardiac rhythm values;
a weight-measuring system connected to the top surface, the weight-measuring system comprising an electrical system that measures a set of voltages that correlates with a force applied to the top surface; and
a processing system in electrical contact with the electrical impedance system and the heart rate monitoring system, and configured to: 1) receive the first set of signals from the electrical impedance system and convert them into a set of impedance values; 2) analyze the set of impedance values to determine a first time value indicating a first pulsatile component; 3) receive the second set of signals from the heart rate monitoring system and convert them into a set of cardiac rhythm values; 4) analyze the set of cardiac rhythm values to determine a second pulsatile component; 5) collectively process the first and second pulsatile components to determine a pulse transit time; and 6) determine the blood pressure value by collectively processing the pulse transit time value and the blood pressure calibration value determined by the cuff-based system.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical system comprises a Wheatstone Bridge.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the Wheatstone Bridge connects electrically with an amplifier system.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the processing system is further configured to receive the set of voltages, and analyze them to determine a value of weight corresponding to the force applied on the top surface.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; and 2) determine a local maximum of the set of derivative values to determine the first pulsatile component.
19. The system of claim 14 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; and 2) determine a zero-point crossing of the set of derivative values to determine the first pulsatile component.
20. The system of claim 14 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to: 1) calculate a mathematical derivative of the impedance values to determine a set of derivative values; 2) estimate the set of derivative values with a mathematical function; and 3) analyze the mathematical function to determine the first pulsatile component.
21. The system of claim 14 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a local maximum of the cardiac rhythm values to determine the second pulsatile component.
22. The system of claim 14 , wherein the cardiac rhythm values are representative of an ECG waveform.
23. The system of claim 22 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
24. The system of claim 23 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine an R point in the QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
25. The system of claim 24 , wherein the cardiac rhythm values are representative of an ECG waveform.
26. The system of claim 25 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a QRS complex in the ECG waveform.
27. The system of claim 26 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a first R point in a first QRS complex, and a second R point in a second QRS complex, and then determine a heart rate from a time interval separating the first and second R points.
28. The system of claim 23 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to determine a Q point in the QRS complex in the ECG waveform to determine the second pulsatile component.
29. The system of claim 14 , wherein the processing system further comprises computer code configured to further process the cardiac rhythm values to determine a heart rate value.