Advanced graphite additive for enhanced cycle-life of deep discharge lead-acid batteries
View Patent ↗An Advanced Graphite deep discharge lead acid battery is described including: a deep storage lead acid cell energy storage device comprises: an electrode comprising lead; an electrode comprising lead dioxide; a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide; an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid; and a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m 2 /g.
1. A deep discharge lead acid cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lead;
a second electrode comprising lead dioxide;
a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid; and
a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m 2 /g wherein the carbon-based additive is a disordered carbon additive in negative active material with (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower; and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher.
2. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein said first and second electrodes are configured with a thickness between about 0.015 and 0.025 inches.
3. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein the charge acceptance is increased by about 15% at about 80 degrees F. over standard motive power cells, having a charge acceptance of between about 1.03 to 1.90 Ah/min.
4. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein the charge acceptance is increased by about 48% at about 32 degrees F. over standard motive power cells, having a charge acceptance of between about 0.67 to 1.49 Ah/min.
5. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein the charge acceptance is increased by about 15% at about 80 degrees F. over standard motive power cells, having a charge acceptance of between about 1.03 to 1.90 Ah/min and wherein the charge acceptance is increased by about 48% at about 32 degrees F. over standard motive power cells, having a charge acceptance of between about 0.67 to 1.49 Ah/min.
6. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein the formation efficiency is increased by about 18% over standard motive power cells, having PbO to PbO 2 conversion of 85-90% in positive plates.
7. The deep discharge lead acid cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is configured to perform between about 1000-2000 cycles in 80% DoD motive power cycle life test.
8. A deep discharge lead acid cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lead;
a second electrode comprising lead dioxide;
a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid; and
a carbon-based additive comprising graphite having a specific surface area of approximately 100 to 900 m 2 /g, having a (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower; and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher, and further wherein the carbon-based additive has (i) between about 20 and 40 percent microporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight (ii) between about 60 and 70 percent mesoporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight and (iii) between about 0 and 10 percent macroporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight, wherein the carbon-based additive is mixed with a negative paste and wherein the concentration of the carbon-based additive relative to the paste is between about 0.2 to 3% by weight.
9. A deep discharge lead acid cell, as in claim 8 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell has 48% lower recharge time to full SoC over standard motive power cells having standard recharge times of 6-8 hours.
10. A deep discharge lead acid cell, as in claim 8 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell accepts up to 48% more current during opportunity charging at shift breaks and helps battery last the entire shift of 8 hours compared to standard motive power cells which typically last 5-6 hours.
11. A deep discharge lead acid cell, as in claim 8 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell has a 50-500 mV lower voltage for the same charge current, with improved heat dissipation and wear resistance on the cells as compared to standard motive power cells.
12. A deep discharge lead acid battery, comprising:
a plurality of cells, said cells comprising:
a first electrode comprising lead;
a second electrode comprising lead dioxide, wherein said first and second electrodes are configured with a thickness between about 0.015 and 0.025 inches;
a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid; and
a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m 2 /g wherein the carbon-based additive is a disordered carbon additive in negative active material with (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower; and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher;
wherein said deep discharge lead acid battery has a capacity of between about 300 to 2000 Ah and a voltage of between about 6V and 48V.
13. A deep discharge lead acid battery, comprising:
a plurality of cells, said cells comprising:
a first electrode comprising lead;
a second electrode comprising lead dioxide, wherein said first and second electrodes are configured with a thickness between about 0.015 and 0.025 inches;
a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid; and
a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m 2 /g wherein the carbon-based additive is a disordered carbon additive in negative active material with (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower; and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher;
wherein said deep discharge lead acid battery has a capacity of between about 300 to 2000 Ah and a voltage of between about 6V and 48V and wherein the charge acceptance at about 32 degrees F. is between about 0.67 to 1.49 Ah/min.
14. A deep discharge lead acid cell in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the carbon-based additive is mixed with a negative paste and wherein the concentration of the carbon-based additive relative to the paste is between about 0.2 to 3% by weight.
15. A deep discharge lead acid cell in accordance with claim 1 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell has 48% lower recharge time to full SoC over standard motive power cells having standard recharge times of 6-8 hours.
16. A deep discharge lead acid cell in accordance with claim 1 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell accepts up to 48% more current during opportunity charging at shift breaks and helps battery last the entire shift of 8 hours compared to standard motive power cells which typically last 5-6 hours.
17. A deep discharge lead acid cell in accordance with claim 1 , utilized for cold storage application, wherein said cold storage deep discharge lead acid cell has a 50-500 mV lower voltage for the same charge current, with improved heat dissipation and wear resistance on the cells as compared to standard motive power cells.