Preparing antibodies from CHO cell cultures for conjugation
The invention is based in part on the observation that a CHO cell oxidizing enzyme, particularly QSOX1, can survive a seemingly rigorous antibody purification process to reduce subsequent conjugation efficiency of the antibody to a drug. Whether the oxidizing enzyme survives the purification procedure depends on which purification techniques are employed which can vary from one antibody to another. With knowledge that contamination with a CHO cell oxidizing enzyme is a potential problem for subsequent conjugation, a suitable purification scheme can be devised for any antibody that eliminates or at least reduces CHO oxidizing enzyme(s) to an acceptable level.
1. A method of producing a conjugated antibody, comprising:
(a) performing at least one purification step of a purification scheme to obtain at least a partially purified preparation of an antibody from a culture of CHO cells expressing the antibody;
(b) testing the preparation for presence of a CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme;
(c) if the enzyme is detected at a level greater than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm in the preparation of step (b), repeating steps (a) and (b);
(d) if the enzyme is detected at a level less than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm in the preparation of step (b), performing the at least one purification step to obtain at least a partially purified preparation of antibody, wherein the at least one purification step of the purification scheme comprises at least one of a step of (i) washing a protein A column with a salt wash at a concentration of 150-500 mM NaCl, (ii) performing depth filtration at 230 L/m 2 /hr and using at least 15 L/m 2 of an equilibration buffer with a pH of 7.5-8 and NaCl concentration of 50-100 mM, (iii) using anion exchange with a quaternary ammonium ion column with a buffer having a pH of 7.5-8 and a conductivity of less than or equal to 11 mS/cm, and (iv) performing phenyl membrane filtration using a buffer having a pH of 6-8 and 0.3-0.4M sodium citrate; and
(e) conjugating the at least partially purified antibody via one or more sulfhydryl groups to a cytotoxic drug to produce the conjugated antibody.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme is selected from at least one of quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1), Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 2 (QSOX2), and Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR).
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme is QSOX1.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (d) and (e) are performed multiple times on different cultures of the antibody over a period of at least a year.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the testing comprises identifying a band of 65-75 kDa on a gel.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the band is identified by western blot or silver stain.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the testing comprises a functional test for QSOX1 activity.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the functional test produces hydrogen peroxide as an indicator of the activity.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the activity is inhibited by zinc ions, which inhibition is reversed by EDTA.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody is not brentuximab.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cytotoxic drug is selected from anti-tubulin agents, DNA minor groove binding agents, DNA replication inhibitors, chemotherapy sensitizers and pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer.
12. A method of producing a conjugated antibody, comprising:
purifying an antibody from a culture of CHO cells by anion exchange with a quaternary ammonium ion column using a buffer having a pH of 7.5-8 and a conductivity less than or equal to 11 mS/cm, wherein the antibody is separated from QSOX1 enzyme in the culture; and conjugating the purified antibody via one or more sulfhydryl groups to a cytotoxic drug to produce the conjugated antibody.
13. A method of producing a conjugated antibody, comprising:
(a) performing at least one purification step of a purification scheme to obtain at least a partially purified preparation of an antibody from a culture of CHO cells expressing the antibody;
(b) conjugating the at least partially purified antibody via one or more sulfhydryl groups to a cytotoxic drug under conditions to produce the conjugated antibody; wherein an unacceptably low level of conjugated antibody is produced;
(c) testing the purified preparation of step (a) for presence of a CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme selected from at least one of quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1), Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 2 (QSOX2), and Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR);
(d) if the enzyme is detected at a level greater than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm in the preparation of step (c), performing steps (a) and (c) with a different purification step until the enzyme is detected at a level less than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm in the preparation of step (c);
(e) performing the at least one purification step resulting in detection of the enzyme at a level less than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm on a second culture of CHO cells expressing the antibody to obtain purified antibody, wherein the at least one purification step of the purification scheme resulting in detection of the enzyme at a level less than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm comprises at least one of a step of (i) washing a protein A column with a salt wash at a concentration of 150-500 mM NaCl, (ii) performing depth filtration at 230 L/m 2 /hr and using at least 15 L/m 2 of an equilibration buffer with a pH of 7.5-8 and NaCl concentration of 50-100 mM, (iii) using anion exchange with a quaternary ammonium ion column with a buffer having a pH of 7.5-8 and a conductivity of less than or equal to 11 mS/cm, and (iv) performing phenyl membrane filtration using a buffer having a pH of 6-8 and 0.3-0.4M sodium citrate; and
(f) conjugating the purified antibody via one or more sulfhydryl groups to a cytotoxic drug to produce the conjugated antibody.
14. A method of producing a conjugated antibody, comprising:
(a) obtaining a preparation of antibody;
(b) testing the preparation for the presence of a CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme selected from at least one of quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1), Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 2 (QSOX2), and Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR);
(c) if the enzyme is detected at a level greater than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm in the preparation of step (b) performing a purification step to remove the enzyme to a level less than 0.5 μg/ml or 33 ppm, wherein the purification step is selected from a step of (i) washing a protein A column with a salt wash at a concentration of 150-500 mM NaCl, (ii) performing depth filtration at 230 L/m 2 /hr and using at least 15 L/m 2 of an equilibration buffer with a pH of 7.5-8 and NaCl concentration of 50-100 mM, (iii) using anion exchange with a quaternary ammonium ion column with a buffer having a pH of 7.5-8 and a conductivity of less than or equal to 11 mS/cm, and (iv) performing phenyl membrane filtration using a buffer having a pH of 6-8 and 0.3-0.4M sodium citrate; and
(d) conjugating the at least partially purified antibody via one or more sulfhydryl groups to a drug to produce the conjugated antibody.
15. The method claim 1 , wherein the antibody is an antibody produced in CHO cells.
16. The method claim 1 , wherein the antibody preparation has already been subjected to at least one purification step.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the purification step is a chromatography purification step.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the testing involves monitoring the reaction between free thiol groups and DTNB in a control sample and a test sample and comparing the two.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having 90% or higher sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and retaining sulfhydryl oxidizing ability.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CHO cell sulfhydryl oxidizing enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having amino acids 94 to 571 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and retaining sulfhydryl oxidizing ability.