Electrically-driven particulate agglomeration in a combustion system
Technologies are presented for applying electrical energy to a combustion reaction to produce agglomerated combustion particulates. For example, a system may include: one or more electrodes configured to apply electrical energy to a combustion reaction; a combustion zone configured to support the combustion reaction of a fuel at a fuel source; and an electrical power source operatively coupled to the one or more electrodes and configured to apply electrical energy to the combustion reaction. The combustion reaction is controlled to produce a distribution of agglomerated combustion particulates characterized by an increase in at least one of an average particulate diameter or an average particulate mass.
1. A method, comprising:
supporting a flame by contacting a fuel and an oxidant in a combustion zone, the flame being electrically conductive;
producing combustion particulates by reacting the fuel and the oxidant in the flame;
forming an electrical circuit by putting a first electrode and a second electrode into at least intermittent electrical contact with the flame;
producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame via the electrical circuit, the electrical energy being sufficient to cause agglomeration of the combustion particulates produced by the flame;
detecting a sensor value that corresponds to an agglomerated combustion particulate parameter; and
inputting the sensor value to a controller that automatically controls the electrical energy at least in part responsive to the sensor value that corresponds to the agglomerated combustion particulate parameter.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying sufficient electrical energy to the flame to cause an average particulate diameter of the agglomerated combustion particulates to be at least about 50% greater than an average particulate diameter of the combustion particulates produced by the flame without the application of the electrical energy.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates includes producing agglomerated combustion particulates having an average particulate diameter in a range between about 1 micrometer and about 1 millimeter.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying sufficient electrical energy to the flame to cause an average particulate mass of the agglomerated combustion particulates to be at least about 50% greater than an average particulate mass of the combustion particulates produced by the flame without the application of the electrical energy.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates includes producing agglomerated combustion particulates having an average particulate mass in a range between about 0.1 microgram and about 1 milligram.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes automatically applying the electrical energy to the flame sufficient to cause agglomeration of the combustion particulates produced by the flame.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:
detecting a sensor value associated with the flame; and
wherein the step of automatically applying the electrical energy to the flame includes automatically applying the electrical energy to the flame at least in part responsive to the sensor value that is associated with the flame.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of detecting the sensor value associated with the flame includes detecting a sensor value corresponding to one or more of: a fuel flow rate; a temperature; an oxygen level; a voltage; a charge; a capacitance; a current; an average particulate diameter; an average particulate mass; a density of a distribution of particulates; an electromagnetic scattering value; an electromagnetic absorption value; and an electromagnetic emission value.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying electrical energy by delivering at least one of a charge, a voltage, and an electric field to the flame.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying electrical energy to the flame as a substantially constant electrical signal.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying electrical energy to the flame in a voltage range between about +50,000 kilovolts and about −50,000 kilovolts.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying electrical energy to the flame in a voltage range between about +15,000 kilovolts and about −15,000 kilovolts.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame includes applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal includes applying electrical energy to the flame as an alternating current.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal includes applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal having a periodic component.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal includes applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal having a periodic component with a frequency in a range between about 1 Hertz and about 10,000 Hertz.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal includes applying electrical energy to the flame as a time-varying electrical signal having a periodic component with a frequency in a range between about 1 Hertz and about 1200 Hertz.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of producing agglomerated combustion particulates by applying electrical energy to the circuit includes applying electrical energy to the electrical circuit such that the flame functions in the circuit at least intermittently as one or more of a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising collecting a portion of the agglomerated combustion particulates.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the step of collecting a portion of the agglomerated combustion particulates includes collecting the portion of the agglomerated combustion particulates by at least one selected from the group consisting of filtering, baghouse collecting, cyclonic separating, baffle inertial separating, wet scrubbing, and electrostatic precipitating.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising putting the first electrode and/or the second electrode into direct contact with the flame.