Electrode composition, electrode manufactured using the same, and solar cell
An electrode composition, an electrode, and a solar cell, the composition including a conductive powder; glass frit; an organic binder; and a solvent, wherein the organic binder is a compound that includes a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1:
1. An electrode composition, comprising:
a conductive powder;
glass frit;
an organic binder; and
a solvent,
wherein the organic binder is a compound that includes a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C1 to C15 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C2 to C15 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 heteroaryl group, and a group represented by Chemical Formula 2, provided that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a group represented by Chemical Formula 2:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 2,
R a , R b , R c , and R d are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched C1 to C10 alkyl group,
m is an integer of 1 to 10,
n is an integer of 0 to 10,
X is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C1 to C18 alkyl group, a hydroxy group, a halogen, a carboxyl group, an ester group represented by —COOR, in which R is a linear or branched C1 to C6 alkyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphoric acid ester group represented by —O—P(═O)(OR) 2 , in which R is a linear or branched C1 to C6 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered or 6-membered alicyclic group including N, O, S, or a combination thereof, and
* indicates a point where the substituent is linked to oxygen of OR 1 , OR 2 , or OR 3 of Chemical Formula 1.
2. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered or 6-membered alicyclic group including N, O, S, or a combination thereof is selected from an imidazolyl group, an imidazolinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyrazolinyl group, a pyrrolinyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, a furfuryl group, and an isoxazolyl group.
3. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein a weight average molecular weight of the compound including the moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1 is about 5,000 to about 200,000 g/mol.
4. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 includes one or two substituents represented by Chemical Formula 2 per the moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1.
5. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the electrode composition includes:
about 60 to about 95 wt % of the conductive powder;
about 0.5 to about 20 wt % of the glass frit;
about 1 to about 20 wt % of the organic binder; and
a balance amount of the solvent.
6. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit includes at least one selected from lead (Pb), tellurium (Te), bismuth (Bi), lithium (Li), phosphorus (P), germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), magnesium (Mg), cesium (Cs), strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), indium (In), vanadium (V), barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al).
7. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes at least one selected from methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, an aliphatic alcohol, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, dihydro-terpineol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, butyl cellosolve acetate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate.
8. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the glass frit has an average particle diameter (D50) of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.
9. The electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising at least one selected from a surface-treatment agent, a dispersing agent, a thixotropic agent, a plasticizer, a viscosity stabilizer, an antifoaming agent, a pigment, an ultraviolet stabilizer, an antioxidant, and a coupling agent.
10. An electrode manufactured using the electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 .
11. A solar cell comprising the electrode as claimed in claim 10 .
12. A method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
applying the electrode composition as claimed in claim 1 onto a substrate; and
heating the composition to form an electrode on the substrate.
13. An electrode composition, comprising:
a conductive powder;
glass frit;
an organic binder; and
a solvent,
wherein the organic binder is a compound that includes a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C1 to C15 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C2 to C15 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 heteroaryl group, and a group represented by Chemical Formula 2, provided that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a group represented by Chemical Formula 2:
wherein, in Chemical Formula 2,
R a , R b , R c , and R d are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched C1 to C10 alkyl group,
m is an integer of 1 to 10,
n is an integer of 0 to 10,
X is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C1 to C18 alkyl group, a hydroxy group, a halogen, a carboxyl group, an ester group represented by —COOR, in which R is a linear or branched C1 to C6 alkyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphoric acid ester group represented by —O—P(═O)(OR) 2 , in which R is a linear or branched C1 to C6 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered or 6-membered alicyclic group including N, O, S, or a combination thereof, and
* indicates a point where the substituent is linked to oxygen of OR 1 , OR 2 , or OR 3 of Chemical Formula 1,
provided that, in Chemical Formula 2, at least one substituted or unsubstituted methylene group (—(C(R a )(R b ))— or —(C(R c )(R d ))—) that is not adjacent to the amide group is replaced by a linking group selected from —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR—, in which R is hydrogen or a C1 to C6 alkyl group, and a combination thereof.
14. An electrode manufactured using the electrode composition as claimed in claim 13 .
15. A solar cell comprising the electrode as claimed in claim 14 .
16. A method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
applying the electrode composition as claimed in claim 13 onto a substrate; and
heating the composition to form an electrode on the substrate.