Methods for targeting body passages

1. A method of targeting a second passage from a first passage to effect retroperfusion in the second passage, the method comprising:

inserting a first catheter into the first passage, wherein the first passage comprises an artery, the first catheter comprising:

a needle, and

an ultrasound transmitting transducer;

inserting a second catheter into the second passage, wherein the second passage comprises a vein, the second catheter comprising:

a balloon, the balloon comprising a mesh configured to inhibit tearing of the balloon upon being punctured by the needle, wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy, and

an ultrasound receiving transducer;

inflating the balloon, wherein inflating the balloon increases a diameter of the second passage;

aligning the ultrasound transmitting transducer and the ultrasound receiving transducer;

advancing the needle from the first catheter, out of the first passage, and into the second passage to form a fistula between the first passage and the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises puncturing the balloon,

wherein advancing the needle comprises targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy, and

wherein the mesh closes around the guidewire to grip the guidewire in the second passage;

monitoring at least one of: reduction in pressure of the balloon and release of contrast from the balloon,

wherein at least one of: the reduction in pressure of the balloon and the release of contrast from the balloon, attributable to the needle puncturing the balloon, confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage;

advancing a guidewire from the first passage, through the needle, and into the second passage; and

deploying a stent graft,

wherein, after deploying the stent graft,

a first portion of the stent graft is in the first passage,

a second portion of the stent graft is in the second passage, and

a third portion of the stent graft is in the fistula,

wherein the stent graft comprises a longitudinal portion having a frustoconical shape, and

wherein the longitudinal portion comprises the third portion.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

inflating a second balloon in the second passage;

forming a well between the inflated balloon and the inflated second balloon;

injecting contrast in the well; and

monitoring the contrast using fluoroscopy,

wherein release of the contrast from the well attributable to the needle puncturing the balloon confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein advancing the needle comprises traversing the needle through interstitial tissue after advancing the needle out of the first passage and prior to advancing the needle into the second passage.

4. A method of targeting a second passage from a first passage to effect retroperfusion in the second passage, the method comprising:

inserting a first catheter into the first passage, wherein the first passage comprises an artery, the first catheter comprising a needle;

inserting a second catheter into the second passage, wherein the second passage comprises a vein, the second catheter comprising an expandable device comprising a mesh, wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy,

expanding the expandable device,

wherein expanding the expandable device comprises increasing a diameter of the second passage;

aligning the needle towards the expandable device,

wherein ultrasound guidance confirms alignment of the needle;

advancing the needle from the first catheter out of the first passage and into the second passage to form a fistula between the first passage and the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises puncturing the expandable device,

wherein puncturing the expandable device confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy, and

wherein the mesh closes around a guidewire to grip the guidewire in the second passage; and

deploying a prosthesis,

wherein, after deploying the prosthesis,

a first portion of the prosthesis is in the first passage,

a second portion of the prosthesis is in the second passage, and

a third portion of the prosthesis is in the fistula,

wherein the prosthesis comprises a longitudinal portion having a frustoconical shape, and

wherein the longitudinal portion comprises the third portion.

5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:

expanding a second expandable device in the second passage;

forming a well between the expanded expandable device and the expanded second expandable device;

injecting contrast in the well; and

monitoring the contrast using fluoroscopy,

wherein disturbance of the contrast attributable to the needle puncturing the expandable device confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first catheter comprises an ultrasound transmitting transducer and the second catheter comprises an ultrasound receiving transducer, and wherein advancing the needle comprises at least one of: advancing the needle towards the ultrasound receiving transducer, and advancing the needle upon identification of alignment between the an ultrasound transmitting transducer and the ultrasound receiving transducer.

7. The method of claim 4 , wherein expanding the expandable device comprises at least one of: inflating the expandable device, allowing the expandable device to self-expand, and at least one of distally advancing a proximal portion of the expandable device and proximally retracting a distal portion of the expandable device.

8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the expandable device comprises a balloon and the mesh is configured to inhibit tearing of the expandable device upon being punctured by the needle.

9. The method of claim 4 , wherein advancing the needle comprises traversing the needle through interstitial tissue after advancing the needle out of the first passage and prior to advancing the needle into the second passage.

10. A method of targeting a second passage from a first passage to effect retroperfusion in the second passage, the method comprising:

expanding an expandable device in the second passage, the expandable device comprising a mesh;

advancing a needle from a first catheter in the first passage out of the first passage and into the second passage to form a fistula between the first passage and the second passage; and

advancing a guidewire from the first passage, through the needle, and into the expandable device, wherein the mesh closes around the guidewire to grip the guidewire in the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises:

puncturing the expandable device; and

monitoring at least one of: reduction in pressure of the expandable device and release of contrast from the expandable device,

wherein at least one of: the reduction in pressure of the expandable device and the release of contrast from the expandable device, attributable to the needle puncturing the expandable device, confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy, and wherein advancing the needle comprises targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy.

12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

expanding a second expandable device in the second passage;

forming a well between the expanded expandable device and the expanded second expandable device;

injecting contrast in the well; and

monitoring the contrast using fluoroscopy,

wherein disturbance of the contrast attributable to the needle puncturing one of the expandable device, the second expandable device, and the well confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein expanding the expandable device comprises at least one of: inflating the expandable device, allowing the expandable device to self-expand, and at least one of distally advancing a proximal portion of the expandable device and proximally retracting a distal portion of the expandable device.

14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising deploying a prosthesis, wherein, after deploying the prosthesis, a first portion of the prosthesis is in the first passage, a second portion of the prosthesis is in the second passage, and a third portion of the prosthesis is in the fistula.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first passage comprises an artery, wherein the second passage comprises a vein, wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy, wherein advancing the needle comprises targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy, wherein expanding the expandable device comprises increasing a diameter of the second passage, wherein the prosthesis comprises a longitudinal portion having a frustoconical shape, and wherein the longitudinal portion comprises the third portion.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein advancing the needle comprises traversing the needle through interstitial tissue after advancing the needle out of the first passage and prior to advancing the needle into the second passage.

17. A method of targeting a second passage from a first passage to effect retroperfusion in the second passage, the method comprising:

expanding an expandable device in the second passage, the expandable device comprising a mesh, wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy; and

advancing a needle from a first catheter in the first passage out of the first passage and into the second passage to form a fistula between the first passage and the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises:

puncturing the expandable device;

monitoring at least one of: reduction in pressure of the expandable device and release of contrast from the expandable device; and

targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy,

wherein at least one of: the reduction in pressure of the expandable device and the release of contrast from the expandable device, attributable to the needle puncturing the expandable device, confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

expanding a second expandable device in the second passage;

forming a well between the expanded expandable device and the expanded second expandable device;

injecting contrast in the well; and

monitoring the contrast using fluoroscopy,

wherein disturbance of the contrast attributable to the needle puncturing one of the expandable device, the second expandable device, and the well confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein expanding the expandable device comprises at least one of: inflating the expandable device, allowing the expandable device to self-expand, and at least one of distally advancing a proximal portion of the expandable device and proximally retracting a distal portion of the expandable device.

20. The method of claim 17 , further comprising deploying a prosthesis, wherein, after deploying the prosthesis, a first portion of the prosthesis is in the first passage, a second portion of the prosthesis is in the second passage, and a third portion of the prosthesis is in the fistula.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the first passage comprises an artery, wherein the second passage comprises a vein, wherein expanding the expandable device comprises increasing a diameter of the second passage, wherein the prosthesis comprises a longitudinal portion having a frustoconical shape, and wherein the longitudinal portion comprises the third portion.

22. The method of claim 17 , wherein advancing the needle comprises traversing the needle through interstitial tissue after advancing the needle out of the first passage and prior to advancing the needle into the second passage.

23. A method of targeting a second passage from a first passage to effect retroperfusion in the second passage, the method comprising:

expanding an expandable device in the second passage, wherein the first passage comprises an artery, wherein the second passage comprises a vein, wherein expanding the expandable device comprises increasing a diameter of the second passage, the expandable device comprising a mesh, wherein the mesh comprises radiopaque material visible under fluoroscopy; and

advancing a needle from a first catheter in the first passage out of the first passage and into the second passage to form a fistula between the first passage and the second passage,

wherein advancing the needle comprises:

puncturing the expandable device;

monitoring at least one of: reduction in pressure of the expandable device and release of contrast from the expandable device; and

targeting the mesh under fluoroscopy,

wherein at least one of: the reduction in pressure of the expandable device and the release of contrast from the expandable device, attributable to the needle puncturing the expandable device, confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage; and

deploying a prosthesis;

wherein, after deploying the prosthesis, a first portion of the prosthesis is in the first passage, a second portion of the prosthesis is in the second passage, and a third portion of the prosthesis is in the fistula, wherein the prosthesis comprises a longitudinal portion having a frustoconical shape, and wherein the longitudinal portion comprises the third portion.

24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising:

expanding a second expandable device in the second passage;

forming a well between the expanded expandable device and the expanded second expandable device;

injecting contrast in the well; and

monitoring the contrast using fluoroscopy,

wherein disturbance of the contrast attributable to the needle puncturing one of the expandable device, the second expandable device, and the well confirms advancement of the needle into the second passage.

25. The method of claim 23 , wherein expanding the expandable device comprises at least one of: inflating the expandable device, allowing the expandable device to self-expand, and at least one of distally advancing a proximal portion of the expandable device and proximally retracting a distal portion of the expandable device.

26. The method of claim 23 , wherein advancing the needle comprises traversing the needle through interstitial tissue after advancing the needle out of the first passage and prior to advancing the needle into the second passage.