Nucleic acid vaccines

1. A method of vaccinating a subject comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid vaccine comprising one or more RNA polynucleotides comprising an open reading frame encoding an antigenic polypeptide that is derived from an infectious agent, i) wherein the RNA polynucleotide does not include a stabilization element, or wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is not co-formulated or or co-administered with an adjuvant and ii) is formulated within a cationic lipid nanoparticle having a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid: about 5-25% non-cationic lipid: about 25-55% sterol; and about 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid, wherein the nucleic acid vaccine elicits an immune response having a longer lasting antibody titer than an antibody titer elicited by a reference nucleic acid vaccine comprising one or more RNA polynucleotides comprising an open reading frame encoding an antigenic polypeptide that is derived from an infectious agent i) wherein the RNA polynucleotide does include a stabilization element or wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is co-formulated or co-administered with an adjuvant and is ii) not formulated within a cationic lipid nanoparticle having a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid: about 5-25% non-cationic lipid: about 25-55% sterol; and about 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is formulated to produce neutralizing antibodies within one week of a single administration.

3. A method of vaccinating a subject comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid vaccine comprising one or more RNA polynucleotides comprising an open reading frame encoding an antigenic polypeptide that is derived from an infectious agent, i) wherein the RNA polynucleotide does not include a stabilization element or wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is not co-formulated or or co-administered with an adjuvant and ii) is formulated within a cationic lipid nanoparticle having a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid: about 5-25% non-cationic lipid: about 25-55% sterol; and about 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid, wherein a level of antigen expression produced in the subject after administration of the nucleic acid vaccine exceeds a level of antigen expression produced by a reference nucleic acid vaccine comprising one or more RNA polynucleotides comprising an open reading frame encoding an antigenic polypeptide that is derived from an infectious agent i) wherein the RNA polynucleotide does include a stabilization element or wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is co-formulated or co-administered with an adjuvant and is ii) not formulated within a cationic lipid nanoparticle having a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid: about 5-25% non-cationic lipid: about 25-55% sterol; and about 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide is present in a dosage of between 25 and 100 micrograms.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a single dosage of between 0.001 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg of the nucleic acid vaccine in an effective amount to vaccinate the subject.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is administered to the subject by intradermal or intramuscular injection.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of about 50% cationic lipid, about 1.5% PEG-modified lipid, about 38.5% cholesterol and about 10% non-cationic lipid.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of about 55% cationic lipid, about 2.5% PEG lipid, about 32.5% cholesterol and about 10% non-cationic lipid.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the open reading frame is codon-optimized.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticle has a polydispersity value of less than 0.4.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polynucleotide has a poly-A tail of 80-250 nucleotides in length.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least one 5′ terminal cap and at least one chemical modification.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a second dose of the nucleic acid vaccine is administered to the subject.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide accumulates at a 100 fold higher level in the local lymph node in comparison with the distal lymph node.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide includes a chemical modification selected from the group consisting of pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine, dihydropseudouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, and 2′-O-methyl uridine.

16. The method of claim 3 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide is present in a dosage of between 25 and 100 micrograms.

17. The method of claim 3 , wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a single dosage of between 0.001 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg of the nucleic acid vaccine in an effective amount to vaccinate the subject.

18. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is administered to the subject by intradermal or intramuscular injection.

19. The method of claim 3 , wherein the ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of about 50% cationic lipid, about 1.5% PEG-modified lipid, about 38.5% cholesterol and about 10% non-cationic lipid.

20. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cationic lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of about 55% cationic lipid, about 2.5% PEG lipid, about 32.5% cholesterol and about 10% non-cationic lipid.

21. The method of claim 3 , wherein the open reading frame is codon-optimized.

22. The method of claim 3 , wherein the ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticle has a polydispersity value of less than 0.4.

23. The method of claim 3 , wherein the polynucleotide has a poly-A tail of 80-250 nucleotides in length.

24. The method of claim 3 , wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least one 5′ terminal cap and at least one chemical modification.

25. The method of claim 3 , wherein a second dose of the nucleic acid vaccine is administered to the subject.

26. The method of claim 3 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide accumulates at a 100 fold higher level in the local lymph node in comparison with the distal lymph node.

27. The method of claim 3 , wherein the RNA polynucleotide includes a chemical modification selected from the group consisting of pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine, dihydropseudouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, and 2′-O-methyl uridine.