Modulator with signal electrode enclosed by ground electrode

1. A modulator, comprising:

a substrate;

one or more waveguides formed upon or formed in the substrate;

a signal electrode provided adjacent to at least one of the one or more waveguides and including a curved outer surface; and

one or more ground electrodes provided adjacent to the signal electrode,

each ground electrode, of the one or more ground electrodes, including a respective curved inner surface that is radially spaced from the curved outer surface of the signal electrode, and

the one or more ground electrodes at least partially overlapping a portion of a width of the signal electrode.

2. The modulator of claim 1 , where the one or more ground electrodes comprise a first ground electrode and a second ground electrode,

a gap existing between the first ground electrode and the second ground electrode.

3. The modulator of claim 2 , where a plurality of gaps are spaced along a longitudinal axis of the modulator,

the plurality of gaps including the gap.

4. The modulator of claim 1 , where the one or more waveguides include a first waveguide and a second waveguide,

the first waveguide being adjacent to the signal electrode, and

the second waveguide being adjacent to one of the one or more ground electrodes.

5. The modulator of claim 4 , further comprising a gap in the one or more ground electrodes,

the gap being formed adjacent to the second waveguide.

6. The modulator of claim 1 , where the one or more ground electrodes and the substrate at least substantially enclose the curved outer surface of the signal electrode along a longitudinal axis of the modulator.

7. The modulator of claim 1 , where the one or more ground electrodes comprise a first ground electrode, a second ground electrode, and a third ground electrode,

the first ground electrode and the second ground electrode being formed upon the substrate, and

the third ground electrode being formed in between the first ground electrode and the second ground electrode, and

the third ground electrode being formed above the signal electrode.

8. The modulator of claim 1 , where each respective curved inner surface comprises a plurality of surfaces.

9. The modulator of claim 1 , where the curved outer surface comprises a plurality of surfaces.

10. An optical modulator, comprising:

a substrate;

one or more waveguides formed upon or in the substrate;

a signal electrode including a curved outer surface; and

a ground electrode including a curved inner surface that curves toward the signal electrode,

the ground electrode at least partially overlapping a portion of a width of the signal electrode and extending above the signal electrode in a direction perpendicular to the width of the signal electrode and along a length of the signal electrode.

11. The optical modulator of claim 10 , further comprising:

a plurality of openings in an enclosure formed by the ground electrode and the substrate,

the plurality of openings being spaced longitudinally along an outer surface of the ground electrode.

12. The optical modulator of claim 11 , where the plurality of openings are spaced evenly along the outer surface of the ground electrode.

13. The optical modulator of claim 10 , where the one or more waveguides comprise:

a first waveguide located adjacent to the signal electrode; and

a second waveguide located adjacent to the ground electrode.

14. The optical modulator of claim 13 , where the second waveguide is adjacent to a gap in the ground electrode,

the gap continuing longitudinally along an enclosure formed by the ground electrode and the substrate.

15. The optical modulator of claim 14 , where the enclosure further comprises one or more openings from the gap to an outer surface of the ground electrode.

16. The modulator of claim 10 , where the curved inner surface comprises a plurality of surfaces.

17. The modulator of claim 10 , where the curved outer surface comprises a plurality of surfaces.