Display device based on phase-change materials
A display device comprises a plurality of pixels, each pixel having a portion ( 10 ) of a solid-state, phase-change material such as germanium-antimonium-telluride (GST) or vanadium dioxide, wherein the phase-change material can be reversibly brought into an amorphous state or a crystaline state and has a refractive index that is reversibly, electrically controllable. A plurality of electrodes ( 14, 16 ) are provided, at least two of which contact said portion of material ( 10 ). A controller ( 19 ) is provided that is adapted to apply at least one voltage to said material ( 10 ), via said electrodes ( 14, 16 ), to change said refractive index. An array of such portions of material can be arranged to make a pixellated display, for example a stereoscopic display of the volumetric type.
1. A display device comprising:
a plurality of electrodes;
a portion of solid state material, wherein said material is a phase change material having a refractive index that is reversibly controllable by application of a voltage to said electrodes; and
a controller adapted to apply at least one voltage, via said electrodes, to change said refractive index of said material, wherein;
the display device has a viewing surface and further comprises a spacer layer, which is transmissive to light, provided on the opposite side of said portion of solid state material from said viewing surface; and either;
the display device further comprises a reflector, wherein the spacer layer is provided between the reflector and said portion of solid state material, or
the display device further comprises a transparent or at least partially transmissive substrate and the spacer layer is provided between the transparent or at least partially transmissive substrate and said portion of solid state material.
2. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the material is electrically contacted by at least two of said electrodes, and the controller is adapted to stop applying any voltage to the material after the refractive index has been changed to a selected value.
3. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the material comprises a compound or alloy of a combination of elements selected from the following list of combinations: GeSbTe, VO x , NbO x , GeTe, GeSb, GaSb, AgInSbTe, InSb, InSbTe, InSe, SbTe, TeGeSbS, AgSbSe, SbSe, GeSbMnSn, AgSbTe, AuSbTe, and AlSb.
4. The display device according to claim 3 , wherein the material comprises a mixture of compounds or alloys of combinations of elements from said list.
5. The display device according to claim 4 , wherein said material further comprises at least one dopant.
6. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the material comprises Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 .
7. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the portion of material is less than 100 nm thick.
8. The display device according to claim 7 , wherein the portion of material is less than 10 nm thick.
9. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of said electrodes is transmissive to light.
10. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of said electrodes comprises indium tin oxide or silver.
11. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein said spacer layer has a thickness in the range of from 10 nm to 250 nm.
12. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein said spacer layer comprises one of said electrodes.
13. The display device according to claim 1 , having a viewing surface and a light source arranged for illuminating the portion of material on the opposite side from said viewing surface.
14. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein said electrodes are arranged to passing current through said material and/or to passing current through a heater adjacent to said material, to control the refractive index of the material.
15. The display device according to claim 1 , comprising a plurality of said portions of solid state material arranged in an array, wherein the refractive index of each portion of material is separately controllable.
16. A 3D display comprising a plurality of display devices according to claim 15 , wherein each display device comprises a 2D array, and the display devices are arranged parallel to each other and displaced perpendicular to their 2D array.