Electromagnetic wave-induced localized heating of CNT filled polymer composites for enhanced inter-bead diffusive bonding of fused filament fabricated parts
A electromagnetic wave-induced heating of CNT filled (or coated) polymer composites for enhancing inter-bead diffusive bonding of fused filament fabricated parts. The technique incorporates electromagnetic wave absorbing nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) onto the surface or throughout the volume of 3D printer polymer filament to increase the inter-bead bond strength following a post electromagnetic wave irradiation treatment and/or in-situ focused electromagnetic beam during printing. The overall strength of the final 3D printed part will be dramatically increased and the isotropic mechanical properties of fused filament part will approach or exceed conventionally manufactured counterparts.
1. A process for manufacturing a three-dimensional object on a support platform, the process comprising:
(a) selecting a polymer filament having an outer layer, wherein the outer layer has an electrically conductive percolated network of an electrically conductive nanomaterial;
(b) extruding the polymer filament through a nozzle;
(c) moving the nozzle relative to the support platform to deposit a first layer of the polymer filament onto the support platform;
(d) applying a second layer of the polymer filament adjacent the first layer to form a filament to filament interface to form the three-dimensional object on the support platform;
(e) generating an electromagnetic wave; and
(f) applying the electromagnetic wave to the first and second layers of polymer filament to produce a predetermined temperature profile in the polymer filament through the absorption of the electromagnetic wave by the electrically conductive percolated network of the electrically conductive nanomaterial sufficient to cause interfacial polymer diffusion of the filament to filament interface to form a weld in the three-dimensional object.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein selecting a polymer filament further comprises selecting a polymer filament that was formed by co-extruding the outer layer of a first polymer mixture with an inner core of a second polymer mixture to form the polymer filament, and wherein the electrically conductive nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein selecting a polymer filament further comprises selecting a polymer filament that was formed by mixing multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a polymer to form the first polymer mixture.
4. The process of claim 2 , wherein selecting a polymer filament that was formed by mixing further comprises selecting a polymer filament having an outer layer having a thickness between about 5 μm and 50 μm.
5. The process of claim 2 , wherein selecting a polymer filament further comprises selecting a polymer filament having an outer layer comprising between 1.5 wt % and 3 wt % of carbon nanotubes.
6. The process of claim 2 , wherein selecting a polymer filament further comprises selecting a polymer filament having the outer layer formed of the first polymer mixture, wherein the first polymer mixture has a wt % of of carbon nanotubes sufficient to form the electrically conductive percolated network of the electrically conductive nanomaterial.
7. The process of claim 2 , wherein selecting a polymer filament further comprises forming the first polymer mixture and the second polymer mixture with at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene (PE), PC/ABS, polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyamide (nylon), polystyrene (PS), polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and combinations thereof.
8. The process of claim 2 , wherein applying the electromagnetic wave further comprises exposing the extruded polymer filaments to the electromagnetic wave for a sufficient length of time to generate heat in the filament to filament interface to cause interfacial polymer diffusion of the filament to filament interface.
9. The process of claim 2 , wherein applying the electromagnetic wave further comprises exposing the extruded polymer filament to an alternating electric field that induces a current in the electrically conductive percolated network.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein producing a predetermined temperature profile in the electrically conductive percolated network of electrically conductive nanomaterial of the outer layer of the polymer filament further comprises heating the outer layer of the polymer filament beyond a glass transition temperature of the polymer filament.