Apparatus and method using a mask producing a halftone image with centroids of clusters distributed stochastically and bridged-cluster combinations depending on threshold lightness levels
There is provided an ink-deposition device suitable for depositing ink on a target surface and a printing system comprising the same. In operation in a printing system, the ink-deposition device can convert digital images into ink images on the target surface using pixel-masks and methods as disclosed herein. Advantageously, the ink-deposition device, the printing system comprising it and the methods of using the same can reduce or prevent the occurrence of some undesired ink-formations typically governed by the respective physical and/or chemical properties of the surface and ink being used or mitigate their effect on print quality. Application of the pixel-image mask yields a binary image that exhibits pixel-clusters with stochastically distributed centroids.
1. A method of digital printing comprising:
a. electronically applying an N×M pixel-image mask to a target non-binary multi-level digital image to obtain therefrom a target binary digital image; and
b. converting the target binary digital image into an ink image by ink deposition onto a target surface, wherein variables L, M, N, r, s, p, y are defined such that L is a positive integer equal to at least 64, M and N are each positive integers that are each equal to at least 16, s is a positive integer having a value between 1 and y*L, p is a positive number having a value of at least 30, y is a positive number having a value of at most 0.05, and r is a positive number having a value of at least 0.5, and wherein the N×M pixel-image mask has all of the following properties:
i. a total number of lightness levels of the pixel-image mask is at least L;
ii. at sub-threshold lightness levels below a threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a sub-threshold-lightness-level binary image characterized by an array of pixel-clusters, centroids of clusters of the array being spatially distributed according to a stochastic pattern;
iii. at the threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a threshold-lightness-level binary image characterized by an array of pixel-clusters, centroids of clusters of the array being spatially distributed according to a stochastic pattern, the threshold-lightness-level binary image being further characterized such that, within an ink-image-space defined according to the ink-deposition process of step (b), at least p % of all pixels-clusters of the array of pixel-clusters nearly touch a neighboring pixel-cluster without touching;
iv. at a threshold-succeeding lightness level that is s lightness levels above the threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a threshold-succeeding binary image characterized, within the ink-image-space, by a ratio r between (i) a number of 3+-bridged-cluster combinations and (ii) a number of 2-bridged-cluster combinations.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a value of p is at least 40.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a value of r is at least 0.6.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a product of N and M is at least 250.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least a majority, or at least a substantial majority, or all of the pixel-clusters of the threshold-lightness-level binary image are of substantially the same size.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stochastic pattern is a blue-noise pattern.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target surface is a surface of an intermediate transfer member (ITM), the method further comprising transferring the ink-image from the surface of the ITM to a printing substrate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the N×M pixel-image mask is defined so that the threshold-lightness-level binary image comprises at least 10 pixel-clusters.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the N×M pixel-image mask is defined so that the threshold-lightness-level binary image comprises at least 10 pixel-clusters.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ink is aqueous and/or the target surface is hydrophobic.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ink substantially does not penetrate into the target surface.
12. A printing system for converting digital images into ink-images, the printing system comprising:
a. an ink-deposition device capable of depositing ink on a target surface to form the ink-images thereon;
b. an electronic controller for regulating the ink depositing by the ink-deposition device so that the printing system converts digital images into the ink-images according to a N×M pixel-mask such that wherein variables L, M, N, r, s, p, y are defined such that L is a positive integer equal to at least 64, M and N are each positive integers that are each equal to at least 16, s is a positive integer having a value between 1 and y*L, p is a positive number having a value of at least 30, y is a positive number having a value of at most 0.05, and r is a positive number having a value of at least 0.5, and wherein the N×M pixel-image mask has all of the following properties:
i. a total number of lightness levels of the pixel-image mask is at least L;
ii. at sub-threshold lightness levels below a threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a sub-threshold-lightness-level binary image characterized by an array of pixel-clusters, centroids of clusters of the array being spatially distributed according to a stochastic pattern;
iii. at the threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a threshold-lightness-level binary image characterized by an array of pixel-clusters, centroids of clusters of the array being spatially distributed according to a stochastic pattern, the threshold-lightness-level binary image being further characterized such that, within an ink-image-space defined by the ink-deposition device, at least p % of all pixels-clusters of the array of pixel-clusters nearly touch without touching;
iv. at a threshold-succeeding lightness level that is s lightness levels above the threshold lightness level, application of the pixel-image mask to a uniform-lightness N×M digital image yields a threshold-succeeding binary image characterized, within the ink-image-space, by a ratio r between (i) a number of 3+-bridged-cluster combinations and (ii) a number of 2-bridged-cluster combinations.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein a product of N and M is at least 250.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein at least a majority, or at least a substantial majority, or all of the pixel-clusters of the threshold-lightness-level binary image are of substantially the same size.
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the stochastic pattern is a blue-noise pattern.
16. The system of claim 12 , wherein the surface is an intermediate transfer member (ITM), the system further comprising an impression station configured to transfer the ink-images from the surface of the ITM to a printing substrate.
17. The system of claim 12 , wherein the threshold-lightness-level binary image comprises at least 10 pixel-clusters.
18. The system of claim 12 , wherein the threshold-lightness-level binary image comprises at least 10 pixel-clusters or at least 20 pixel-clusters.
19. The system of claim 12 , wherein the ink is aqueous and/or the target surface is hydrophobic.
20. The system of claim 12 , wherein the ink substantially does not penetrate into the surface.