Multi-zone variable power density heater apparatus containing and methods of using the same
A heater comprises a plurality of zones with at least two zones having a variable power density gradient different from one another. The heater having zones of different variable power density gradients allows for controlling the heat output and temperature profile of the heater in one or more directions of the heater. The heater can be used, for example, to control the temperature profile in a vertical direction.
1. A heater comprising a substrate comprising pyrolytic boron nitride, and a heater pattern disposed on the substrate, wherein the heater pattern comprises a first zone defined by a first electrode path disposed through a length of the heater, and a second zone defined by a second electrode path disposed through a length of the heater, the first zone and the second zone are powered independently from each other, the first and second zones each having a variable power density gradient through the length of each zone, where the variable power density gradient of the first and second zones is different from one another, where each electrode path of the first and second zones comprises a generally vertical and parallel path comprising a width that varies along the length of the heater.
2. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the first and second zones are oriented vertically in the heater.
3. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the variable power density gradient of one of the first zone increases over the length of the zone, and the variable power density gradient of the second zone decreases over the length of the zone.
4. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the variable power density gradient of the first and second zones increases over the length of each of the zones.
5. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the variable power density gradient of the first and second zones decreases over the length of each of the zones.
6. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the heater is a stand alone structure.
7. The heater of claim 1 , wherein the electrode paths of the heater pattern are formed from a film disposed on a surface of a substrate.
8. A system comprising (a) the heater of claim 7 , and optionally (b) an external heater disposed adjacent to the substrate.
9. A heater comprising:
a substrate comprising graphite coated with pyrolytic boron nitride;
an upper end;
a lower end; and
a heater pattern disposed on the pyrolytic boron nitride, the heater pattern comprising (i) a first electrode path having a length oriented vertically between the upper and lower end, the first electrode path having a first path width that varies over the length of its path; and
(ii) a second electrode path have a length oriented vertically between the upper and lower end, the second electrode path having a second path width that varies over the length of its path; wherein the first zone and the second zone are powered independently from each other, the first electrode path has a first variable power density gradient, the second electrode path has a second variable power density gradient, the first variable power density gradient is different from the second variable power density gradient, and the first electrode path is generally parallel with the second electrode path.
10. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the first variable power density gradient increases over the length of the path, and the second variable power density gradient decreases over the length of the path.
11. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the first variable power density gradient increases over the length of the path, and the second variable power density gradient increases over the length of the path.
12. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the first variable power density gradient decreases over the length of the path, and the second variable power density gradient decreases over the length of the path.
13. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the heater further comprises a material chosen from carbon, graphite, carbon-bonded carbon fiber, silicon carbide, a metal, a metal carbide, a metal nitride, a metal silicide, or a combination of two or more thereof.
14. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the heater is a stand alone structure.
15. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the first and second electrode paths are formed from a film disposed on a surface of a substrate.
16. A method of making a crystalline material by a vertical-gradient freeze method comprising:
providing a crucible having a lower end and an upper end;
providing a heater adjacent to the crucible, the heater comprising a substrate comprising graphite coated with pyrolytic boron nitride and having a heater pattern disposed on a surface of the substrate, where the heater pattern comprises a first zone defined by a first electrode path disposed through a length of the heater, and a second zone defined by a second electrode path disposed through a length of the heater, the first and second zones are powered independently of each other, each of the first and second zones having a variable power density gradient through the length of each zone, where the variable power density gradient of the first and second zones is different from one another, and wherein each electrode path of the first and second zones comprises a generally vertical and parallel path comprising a width that varies along the length of the heater;
melting material for forming the crystalline material; and
forming a temperature gradient from the lower end of the crucible to the upper end of the crucible to initiate crystal growth in the melted material by adjusting a power input supplied to the at least two zones having a variable power density gradient.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the crystalline material is GaAs.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the heater is a stand alone structure separate from the crucible.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the heater is integral with the crucible.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the heater is provided on a surface of the crucible in the form of a printed film.
21. A system comprising (a) the heater of claim 19 , and optionally (b) an external heater disposed adjacent to the crucible.
22. A method of heating a material comprising:
(i) providing a heater proximate to a material to be heated, the heater comprising a heater comprising:
a substrate comprising graphite coated with pyrolytic boron nitride;
an upper end;
a lower end; and
a heater pattern disposed on the pyrolytic boron nitride, the heater pattern comprising (a) a first electrode path having a length oriented vertically between the upper and lower end, the first electrode path having a first path width that varies over the length of its path; and
(b) a second electrode path have a length oriented vertically between the upper and lower end, the second electrode path having a second path width that varies over the length of its path; wherein the first zone and the second zone are powered independently from each other, the first electrode path has a first variable power density gradient, the second electrode path has a second variable power density gradient, and the first variable power density gradient is different from the second variable power density gradient, and wherein the first electrode path is generally parallel with the second electrode path; and
(ii) forming a temperature gradient from the lower end of the heater to the upper end of the heater to heat the material by adjusting a power input supplied to each of the first and second electrode paths; wherein the power input supplied to the first electrode path is different from the power input supplied to the second electrode path.