Additive manufactured items with flame resistance, process for making and process for testing their flame performance
A process for making an article by additive manufacture having resistance to dripping when burned comprising (1) depositing a multitude of thermoplastic monofilament strands using a fused deposition modeling apparatus in a pattern and (2) fusing the multitude of strands together to make an article of manufacture having voids therein; wherein the article of additive manufacture has (a) at least 50% of the monofilament strands oriented within 45 degrees of the long part of the axis; (b) the multitude of strands is greater than 10; (c) having a specific micro structure; and (d) is made from a thermoplastic polymer composition that is either the combination of a thermoplastic polymer with a flame retardant compound, a thermoplastic resin having flame resistant properties, or a combination of a thermoplastic resin having flame resistant properties with a flame retardant compound.
1. A process for making an article by additive manufacturing having a resistance to dripping when burned comprising (1) depositing a multitude of thermoplastic monofilament strands each having a diameter from 0.1 to 20.0 mm using a fused deposition modeling apparatus in a pattern and (2) fusing the multitude of thermoplastic monofilament strands together to make an article of manufacture having voids therein; wherein the article of additive manufacture comprises a thermoplastic polymer composition and has a long axis, the article of manufacture having (a) at least 50% of the thermoplastic monofilament strands oriented at an angle of 1.0 to 45 degrees to the long axis of the article; (b) the multitude of thermoplastic monofilament strands is greater than 10 thermoplastic monofilament strands; (c) a micro structure as measured by optical microscopy containing the voids in an amount from 1% to 20% by volume wherein at least 80% of the voids are high aspect voids and less than 20% of the voids are spherical voids with a diameter of 10 to 100 microns; and (d) wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition comprises either the combination of a thermoplastic polymer with a flame retardant compound, a thermoplastic resin having flame resistant properties, or a combination of a thermoplastic resin having flame resistant properties with a flame retardant compound wherein the article is characterized by a resistance to dripping when burned using the method of UL-5VB UL 94 at 3.2 mm thickness.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the depositing of thermoplastic monofilaments strands occurs in a pattern of alternating layers crossing each other at an angle of from 60 to 120 degrees and at least half of said thermoplastic monofilaments strands are oriented from 1.0 to 45 degrees of the long axis of the article.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the depositing of thermoplastic monofilaments strands occurs in a pattern of alternating layers crossing each other at an angle of from 60 to 120 degrees and at least half of said thermoplastic monofilaments strands are oriented to be parallel to the long axis of the article.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein at least 90% of the voids are high aspect voids and less than 10% of the voids are spherical voids with a diameter of 10 to 100 microns.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein least 20% of the voids are angular voids having a cusp angle that is an acute angle of 60 degrees or less.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the article has a tensile strength at yield of greater than 5,000 psi, and a flex modulus at 100° C. greater than 1,000 psi.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a combination of a thermoplastic polymer with a flame retardant compound.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein the flame retardant compound is chosen from a brominated thermoplastic resin, a non-brominated phosphate compound, a phosphinate salt, C1-16 sulfonate salt, or a combination thereof.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the flame retardant compound is a brominated thermoplastic resin.
10. The process of claim 8 wherein the flame retardant compound is a non-brominated phosphate compound.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is an amorphous thermoplastic polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PSu), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene ether (PPE), polyphenylene ether sulfone (PPSU), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), or silicone polycarbonate copolymers, or any combination thereof.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic polycarbonate.
13. The process claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polycarbonate blended with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyetherimide (PEI), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or phenyl cyclohexyl dimethanol terephthalate (PCT), or combinations thereof.
14. The process claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic resin having flame resistant properties.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition further comprises a metal synergist.
16. A reduced density flame resistant article of manufacture made by the process of claim 1 wherein at least 90% of the voids are high aspect voids and less than 10% of the voids are spherical voids with a diameter of 10 to 100 microns.