Method and apparatus for detection of heartbeat characteristics
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to detecting Atrial Fibrillation (AF). As may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments, a time series of inter-beat intervals is computed from a recording of activity of a beating heart. The time series is decomposed into subcomponents, and an envelope of at least one of the subcomponents is computed. The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is detected based upon characteristics of the envelope that are indicative of AF.
1. A method comprising:
identifying a segment of a cardiac signal that includes a ventricular depolarization signal of a cardiac cycle in the cardiac signal;
computing energy content respectively of high frequency portions and of low frequency portions of the segment; and
detecting an ectopic beat in the cardiac signal based upon the energy content of the high frequency portions relative to the energy content of the low frequency portions.
2. The method of claim 1 , further including computing a ratio of the energy content of the low frequency portions to the energy content of the high frequency portions, wherein detecting the ectopic beats includes detecting the ectopic beats based on the ratio.
3. The method of claim 1 , further including decomposing the cardiac signal into subcomponents, wherein computing the energy content includes computing energy content of high frequency ones of the subcomponents and computing the energy content of low frequency ones of the subcomponents.
4. The method of claim 3 ,
further including detecting the presence of ventricular depolarizations in the subcomponents and establishing a window around each detected ventricular depolarization,
wherein computing the energy content of the high frequency ones of the subcomponents and the energy content of the low frequency ones of the subcomponents includes computing the respective energies for ones of the subcomponents within each of the windows.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein establishing the window includes establishing a window around a detected ventricular depolarization and based on the QRS complex.
6. The method of claim 3 ,
wherein computing the energy content includes computing the energy contained in two or more scales within a window established around a ventricular depolarization in the subcomponents and corresponding to a QRS complex in the cardiac signal,
wherein detecting the ectopic beat includes determining whether a beat contained in the window is a sinus complex or an ectopic beat.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein computing the energy includes computing the energy as a sum of squares of an amplitude of points within the window.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein computing the energy includes computing the energy as a sum of the absolute values of an amplitude of points within the window.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the two or more scales include a low-frequency scale and a high frequency scale.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein detecting the ectopic beat includes detecting the presence of an ectopic beat in response to the energy content in the low frequency scale being more than 2.5 times the energy content in the high frequency scale.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein detecting the ectopic beat includes detecting the presence of an ectopic beat in response to a ratio of energy content in the low frequency scale to energy content in the high frequency scale exceeding a threshold.
12. The method of claim 11 , further including determining the threshold based on a statistic evaluation of ratios for beats in a series of beats in the cardiac signal.
13. The method of claim 3 , further including excluding ones of the subcomponents corresponding to intervals characterized by ectopic beats by
computing a raw sequence of inter-beat intervals from consecutive ones of detected beats, and
creating a cleaned sequence of inter-beat intervals from the raw sequence of inter-beat intervals by excluding intervals computed using ones of the beats characterized as being ectopic.
14. The method of claim 3 , wherein decomposing the cardiac signal into subcomponents includes utilizing at least one of:
a wavelet related transform;
a Karhunen-Loeve transform;
a short-term Fourier transform;
a filter bank;
a basis function;
a discrete cosine transform; and
a Gabor transform.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the segment is predominantly made up of the ventricular depolarization signal.
16. The method of claim 1 , further including providing a diagnosis of a condition of the heart by characterizing a cardiac condition thereof based on the detected ectopic beat.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the high frequency portions are portions having a frequency within a high-frequency scale, and the low frequency portions are portions having a frequency within a low-frequency scale, the high-frequency scale covering a range of frequencies that are higher than a range of frequencies in the low-frequency scale.
18. An apparatus comprising:
a first circuit configured and arranged to obtain a cardiac signal from a person;
a second circuit configured and arranged to generate and output a signal characterizing the cardiac signal based on ectopic beats therein, and to detect the ectopic beats in the cardiac signal by:
identifying a segment of a cardiac signal that includes a ventricular depolarization signal of the cardiac cycle;
computing energy content respectively of high frequency portions and of low frequency portions of the segment; and
detecting an ectopic beat in the cardiac signal based upon the energy content of the high frequency portions relative to the energy content of the low frequency portions; and
a battery circuit configured and arranged to power the first and second circuits, wherein the second circuit is configured and arranged to reduce an amount of power utilized from the battery via the detected ectopic beats.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the first circuit, second circuit and battery circuit are included within a portable device.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the second circuit is configured and arranged to decompose the cardiac signal into subcomponents, detect the presence of ventricular depolarizations in the subcomponents, establish a window around each detected ventricular depolarization, and detect the ectopic beat based on relative energies of high frequency ones of the subcomponents and low-frequency ones of the subcomponents.