Three dimensional printer for fiber reinforced composite filament fabrication
Various embodiments related to three dimensional printers, and reinforced filaments, and their methods of use are described. In one embodiment, a void free reinforced filament is fed into an conduit nozzle. The reinforced filament includes a core, which may be continuous or semi-continuous, and a matrix material surrounding the core. The reinforced filament is heated to a temperature greater than a melting temperature of the matrix material and less than a melting temperature of the core prior to applying the filament from the conduit nozzle.
1. A process for additive manufacturing of a part, comprising:
guiding multistranded composite filament including one or more axial fiber strands through a conduit within a deposition head, the conduit smoothly and continuously transitioning to a substantially rounded outlet, the substantially rounded outlet having a rounded inner lip in a vertical plane cross-section;
driving the substantially rounded outlet to flatten the multistranded composite filament against previously deposited portions of the part;
separating the multistranded composite filament to form an unattached terminal end along a path of the multistranded composite filament at a location proximate to the substantially rounded outlet; and
driving the unattached terminal end of the multistranded composite filament through the conduit to exit the substantially rounded outlet.
2. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising:
along a path of the multistranded composite filament, cutting the multistranded composite filament to separate the multistranded composite filament to form the unattached terminal end.
3. The process according to claim 2 , further comprising preventing, with a clearance fit zone, buckling of the multistranded composite filament.
4. The process according to claim 3 , further comprising maintaining a substantially constant cross sectional area of the multistranded composite filament in the clearance fit zone, at the substantially rounded outlet, and as attached to the part.
5. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising supplying the multistranded composite filament including the one or more axial fiber strands extending within a matrix material.
6. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising pulling the multistranded composite filament out of the rounded nozzle by a dragging force applied to the multistranded composite filament via the one or more axial fiber strands.
7. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising controlling a height of the substantially rounded outlet from a top of the part to a level which spreads the one or more axial fiber strands and flattens the multistranded composite filament against previously deposited portions of the part, and is less than a diameter of the multistranded composite filament.
8. The process according to claim 7 , further comprising controlling a height of the substantially rounded outlet from the top of the part to a level which forms laterally and vertically bonded ranks that are flattened on at least two sides by force from the substantially rounded outlet and reaction force from the part itself.
9. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising controlling a feed rate of a filament drive and a printing rate of a deposition head drive to, when the multistranded composite filament is anchored in the part, maintain a neutral to positive tension in the multistranded composite filament between the substantially rounded outlet and the part via tensile force along the one or more axial fiber strands.
10. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising controlling a feed rate of the filament drive and a printing rate of the deposition head drive to, when the multistranded composite filament is not anchored in the part, induce compression along the one or more axial fiber strands to force the unattached terminal end of the multistranded composite filament through the conduit and to abut the part.
11. The process according to claim 10 , further comprising controlling the feed rate and the printing rate to translate the unattached terminal end of the multistranded composite filament abutting the part laterally underneath the substantially rounded outlet to anchor the terminal end.
12. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising controlling a position of the deposition head and a build platen relative to one another by controlling a height of the substantially rounded outlet from a top of the part to be less than a diameter of the multistranded composite filament.
13. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising moving the deposition head and a build platen relative to one another in at least three degrees of freedom and at least one additional pivoting degree of freedom.
14. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising separating the multistranded composite filament with a cutter at the substantially rounded outlet.
15. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising separating the multistranded composite filament at a shear cutter adjacent the substantially rounded outlet.
16. A process for additive manufacturing of a part, comprising:
heating a multistranded filament to a temperature at which a matrix material therein may flow within at least one of a rounded outlet or a print head, the rounded outlet having a rounded inner lip in a vertical plane cross-section;
moving the print head and a build platen opposite the print head relative to one another in at least three degrees of freedom;
driving the multistranded filament, and one or more axial fiber strands embedded within, through the print head, using a feeding mechanism;
moving an unattached terminal end of the multistranded filament through the rounded outlet; and
moving the rounded outlet to flatten the multistranded filament against previously deposited portions of the part.
17. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising supplying the multistranded filament including the one or more axial fiber strands extending within the matrix material.
18. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising pulling the multistranded filament out of the rounded outlet by a dragging force applied to the multistranded filament via the one or more axial fiber strands.
19. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising advancing the unattached terminal end of the multistranded filament through the print head at a speed sufficient to prevent the unattached terminal end from receiving sufficient heat transfer to adhere to interior walls of the print head.
20. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another in at least one degree of freedom substantially at a moment the unattached terminal end of the multistranded filament advances to the rounded outlet.
21. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising advancing the unattached terminal end until the unattached terminal end and at least a portion of the one or more axial fiber strands are anchored within the part.
22. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to maintain a transverse pressure zone that both spreads the one or more axial fiber strands and flows matrix material within the multistranded filament to form the part on the build platen as the build platen and print head are moved relative to one another.
23. The process according to claim 22 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to apply a compressive force along the one or more axial fiber strands of the multistranded filament.
24. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to apply an ironing force, using a surface of the rounded outlet, to a side of a melted matrix filament to form the part on the build platen.
25. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to apply a neutral to positive tension force along the embedded one or more axial fiber strands and between the part anchoring the embedded one or more axial fiber strands and the rounded outlet.
26. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising:
moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to substantially simultaneously pause;
severing the multistranded filament during the pause, and
based upon a value representing a runout distance between a cutter and the rounded outlet, resuming movement of the print head and the build platen relative to one another for at least the runout distance to complete bonding a remainder of the multistranded filament.
27. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising holding the rounded outlet at a height above the part to iron the multistranded filament as it is deposited to reshape a substantially oval bundle of the one or more axial fiber strands within the multistranded filament to a substantially flattened block of the one or more axial fiber strands within a bonded rank of the part.
28. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to pull the multistranded filament through the rounded outlet and to maintain tension along at least one of the one or more axial fiber strands while the matrix material is at least partially flowing and unable to transmit tension force.
29. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to control a height of the rounded outlet from the top of the part to be less than a diameter of the multistranded filament.
30. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising:
moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another to press the melted matrix material and at least one of the one or more axial fiber strands into the part to form laterally and vertically bonded ranks; and
flattening the vertically bonded ranks on at least two sides by applying an ironing force to the melted matrix material and the at least one of the one or more axial fiber strands with the rounded outlet; and
applying an opposing reshaping force to the melted matrix material and the at least one of the one or more axial fiber strands as a normal reaction force from the part itself.
31. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising moving the print head and the build platen relative to one another in at least one additional pivoting degree of freedom.
32. The process according to claim 16 , further comprising shearing the multistranded filament to form the unattached terminal end.