Flat-top tunable filter
A tunable PLC optical filter having sequentially connected thermally tunable Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometers is described. The cascade of MZ interferometers, each having a free spectral ranges matching ITU frequency grid spacing, are tuned so as to have a common passband centered on the frequency of the signal being selected, while having at least one of the stopbands centered on any other ITU frequency. Any other optical channel that may be present at any other ITU frequency is suppressed as a result. Another MZ interferometer in series with the cascade of interferometers including an asymmetric or variable coupler, is tuned to have low transmission at the center frequency of the selected optical channel.
1. A tunable optical filter comprising:
an input port for receiving an optical signal including a plurality of optical frequency channels;
an output port for transmitting a selected optical frequency channel of the plurality of optical frequency channels;
a plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometers optically disposed between the input port and the output port for isolating the selected optical frequency channel;
a counter-tuned MZ interferometer, connected in series with the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, located between the input port and the output port;
wherein each co-tuned MZ interferometer, of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer each include a respective first arm and a respective second arm, of a different length than the respective first arm, optically disposed between a first optical coupler and a second optical coupler, and
a controller for tuning the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers to a maximum transmission at a particular wavelength and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer to a low transmission at the particular wavelength such that a total transmission of the tunable optical filter is a sum of a Gaussian-like response of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and a sinusoidal response of the counter-tuned MZ interferometer.
2. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further to:
tune the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers to have:
a passband centered on a central frequency of the selected optical frequency channel, and
a stopband centered on a central frequency of each other optical frequency channel, of the plurality of optical frequency channels of the optical signal, to suppress each other optical frequency channel.
3. The tunable optical filter of claim 2 , wherein the controller is further to:
tune the counter-tuned MZ interferometer to have low transmission at the central frequency of the selected optical frequency channel.
4. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer are integrated on a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chip.
5. The tunable optical filter of claim 4 , further comprising:
a plurality of heaters, disposed on a surface of the PLC chip and coupled to a controller, for thermally tuning the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer.
6. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler of the counter-tuned MZ interferometer have a coupling ratio between 75%/25% and 100%/0%.
7. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler are asymmetric couplers and have a coupling ratio of about 80%/20%.
8. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the respective first arm and the respective second arm, of each co-tuned MZ interferometer of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, provide a 50%/50% coupling ratio.
9. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second counter-tuned MZ interferometer optically disposed between the input port and the output port.
10. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the counter-tuned MZ interferometer has a free spectral range that is between about 50% and 150% of a predetermined grid spacing, a plurality of equidistantly spaced frequency passbands and frequency stopbands, and a free spectral range substantially equal to an integer multiple of the predetermined grid spacing.
11. The tunable optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
an optical shutter optically disposed between the input port and the output port.
12. A method comprising:
passing an optical signal through a tunable optical filter, the optical signal including a plurality of optical frequency channels and the tunable optical filter comprising:
a plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometers optically disposed between an input port and an output port for isolating a selected optical frequency channel of the plurality of optical frequency channels; and
a counter-tuned MZ interferometer, connected in series with the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, located between the input port and the output port;
wherein each co-tuned MZ interferometer, of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer each include a respective first arm and a respective second arm, of a different length than the respective first arm, optically disposed between a first optical coupler and a second optical coupler;
tuning the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers to have a passband centered on a central frequency of the selected optical frequency channel and a stopband centered on a central frequency of each other optical frequency channel, of the plurality of optical frequency channels of the optical signal, to suppress each other optical frequency channel; and
tuning the counter-tuned MZ interferometer to have low transmission at the central frequency of the selected optical frequency channel such that a total transmission of the tunable optical filter is a sum of a Gaussian-like response of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and a sinusoidal response of the counter-tuned MZ interferometer.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein tuning the counter-tuned MZ interferometer to have low transmission at the central frequency of the selected optical frequency channel comprises:
tuning the counter-tuned MZ interferometer to have an optical intensity minimum at the center frequency of the selected optical frequency channel.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
thermally tuning, using a plurality of heaters, the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of heaters are disposed on a surface of a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chip.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers and the counter-tuned MZ interferometer are integrated on the PLC chip.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler of the counter-tuned MZ interferometer have a coupling ratio between 75%/25% and 100%/0%.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler are asymmetric couplers and have a coupling ratio of about 80%/20%.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the respective first arm and the respective second arm, of each co-tuned MZ interferometer of the plurality of sequentially coupled, co-tuned MZ interferometers, provide a 50%/50% coupling ratio.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the counter-tuned MZ interferometer has a free spectral range that is between about 50% and 150% of a predetermined grid spacing, a plurality of equidistantly spaced frequency passbands and frequency stopbands, and a free spectral range substantially equal to an integer multiple of the predetermined grid spacing.