System for determining at least one property of a sheet dielectric sample using terahertz radiation
A system for determining at least one property of a sheet dielectric sample using terahertz radiation includes at least one terahertz transmitter configured to output a pulse of terahertz radiation, a terahertz receiver configured to receive at least a portion of the pulse of terahertz radiation, wherein the terahertz receiver is configured to output a measured waveform based on the terahertz radiation received by the terahertz receiver, and a control unit in communication with the terahertz receiver. Wherein the control unit is configured to choose at least one region of interest of the measured waveform, compare the at least one region of interest of the measured waveform to a model waveform, vary at least one parameter of a model waveform to minimize the difference between the model waveform and the measured waveform.
1. A system for determining at least one property of a sheet dielectric sample using terahertz radiation, the system comprising:
at least one terahertz transmitter configured to output a pulse of terahertz radiation to the sheet dielectric sample;
a terahertz receiver configured to receive at least a portion of the pulse of terahertz radiation from the sheet dielectric sample, wherein the terahertz receiver is configured to output a measured waveform based on the terahertz radiation received by the terahertz receiver;
a control unit in communication with the terahertz receiver and configured to receive the measured waveform from the terahertz receiver;
wherein the control unit is configured to:
choose at least one region of interest of the measured waveform,
compare the at least one region of interest of the measured waveform to a model waveform, wherein the model waveform is derived from a reference waveform recorded when the sheet dielectric sample is not present,
vary at least one parameter of a model waveform to minimize the difference between the model waveform and the measured waveform,
determine the at least one parameter of the model waveform so that the model waveform best matches the measured waveform, and
wherein the at least one parameter of the model waveform includes at least one of the following: thickness of a sheet dielectric model and complex index of refraction of a sheet dielectric model.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the control unit is configured to determine the thickness of the sheet dielectric sample by the thickness of the model waveform to best match the measured waveform.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the complex index of refraction of the sheet dielectric model is a complex index of refraction of the model waveform is parameterized by water content and/or basis weight.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the control unit is configured to:
determine the water content or basis weight of the sheet dielectric sample by varying the complex index of refraction to predict a complex index of refraction of the sheet dielectric sample
utilize the predicted complex index of refraction to create the model waveform with additional parameters.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the addition parameters include a length of any layer of the sheet dielectric sample and dimensions and optical constants of any optical element.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the pulse of terahertz radiation received by the terahertz receiver from the sheet dielectric sample is reflected by the sheet dielectric sample to the terahertz receiver.
7. The system of claim 6 , further comprising a mirror configured to reflect terahertz radiation emitted by the terahertz transmitter to the terahertz receiver.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one parameter of the model waveform includes a distance from the mirror to a reference pulse.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the waveform is a time domain waveform.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the waveform is a frequency domain waveform.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the control unit is configured to transform the model waveform by a mathematical model based on optical physics of the propagation of the terahertz radiation through at least one known optical element that lies between the at least one terahertz transmitter and the terahertz receiver.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the control unit determines a best match of the measured waveform by minimizing the sum of the squares of the difference between the model waveform and the measured waveform.
13. The system of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additional sensor for sensing properties of the sheet dielectric sample.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one additional sensor includes at least one of a near infrared sensor, an eddy current sensor, a magnetic sensor, a visible spectroscopy sensor, calipers, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy sensor, or a Raman spectroscopy sensor.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the terahertz receiver is configured to measure the polarization of the pulse of terahertz radiation; and
the control unit is configured to determine at least one parameter measured of the measured waveform by additionally utilizing the polarization of the pulse of terahertz radiation.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the terahertz receiver is configured to measure the angle of the beam of the pulse of terahertz radiation; and
the control unit is configured to determine at least one parameter measured of the measured waveform by additionally utilizing the angle of the beam of the pulse of terahertz radiation.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the control unit is configured to determine at least one parameter measured of the measured waveform by additionally utilizing a distance of the sheet dielectric sample from a terahertz focusing lens.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the control unit is configured to determine at least one parameter measured of the measured waveform by additionally utilizing a determination of an empirical relation between the complex index of refraction with material change.