Palatable expanded food products and methods of manufacture thereof
Palatable food products are provided with low bulk density of about 4-12 lb/ft 3 and comprise an expanded matrix of intercommunicated pores defined by a skeletal structure of gelatinized starch. The products produce an audible crunch sound when crushed by applied force and include low calorie, energy-dense characteristics of about 2-6 Kcal/g. The total weight of the product comprises about 20-60% starch, about 30% or less flowable fat, about 2-12% water, and a coating of flavorants and/or aromants. The product can optionally comprise health promoting ingredients. The products are manufactured by extruding batched ingredients including starch and water under processing conditions to promote starch gelatinization to form a substantially homogenous dough that, after extrusion, expands into a porous matrix. The porous matrix can undergo vacuum infusion to fill the matrix with flowable fat, dry palatant, and wet palatant. After infusion, the porous matrix can be dust coated with dry palatant.
1. A pet food product comprising:
an expanded matrix comprising:
a skeletal structure comprising starch from 75 to about 95% by weight of said skeletal structure, and
a plurality of intercommunicated pores defined by surfaces of said skeletal structure and dispersed throughout said expanded matrix and partially exposed through an outer surface of said expanded matrix;
fat infused in a substantial amount of said pores from about 10 to about 45% by weight of said pet food product; and
a coating on at least said surface of said expanded matrix from about 20 to about 45% by weight or less of said pet food product.
2. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises water from about 2 to about 12% by weight of said pet food product.
3. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said starch is selected from whole grains, broken grains, flours, roots, or tubers.
4. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said starch is selected from rice, brewer's rice, corn, barley, oats, wheat, potato, legumes, or other sources of biopolymers.
5. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said starch is gelatinized from about 50 to about 100% by weight.
6. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises one or more of vitamins, minerals, nutrients, colorants, preservatives, soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, sugar, antioxidants, enzymes, or probiotics.
7. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises one or more of an orally active ingredient including one or more of a dental prophylactic ingredient, an anti-tartar agent, a breath agent, an anti-halitosis agent, a pharmaceutical agent, or a veterinary pharmaceutical agent.
8. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said expanded matrix comprises a porosity from about 50 to about 95% by total volume of said expanded matrix.
9. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said surfaces of said skeletal structure that define said pores of said expanded matrix comprise a surface area from about 0.2 to about 0.7 m 2 /g.
10. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product comprises at least one diameter from about 5 to about 20 mm.
11. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pores have diameters from about 0.1 to about 5.0 mm.
12. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said skeletal structure has a density from about 30 to about 80 lb/ft 3 .
13. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product has a bulk density from about 4 to about 12 lb/ft 3 .
14. The pet food product of claim 1 comprising metabolizing energy (ME) in a range from about 3 Kcal/g to about 6 Kcal/g.
15. The pet food product of claim 1 comprising water activity from about 0.24 to about 0.3.
16. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein penetration depth of said fat into said expanded matrix ranges from about 10 to about 100% of at least one radii of said expanded matrix.
17. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said fat fills from about 10 to about 100% of said pores.
18. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product emits energy in a form of measurable sound peaks when external force is applied to substantially crush said pet food product by fracturing said skeletal structure.
19. The pet food product of claim 18 , whereby said measurable sound peaks range from about 46 to about 50 wherein said pet food product comprises infused fat from about 10 to about 36% by total weight.
20. The pet food product of claim 18 , whereby said measurable sound peaks range from about 173 to about 200 wherein said pet food product comprises infused fat from about 10 to about 70% by total weight.
21. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises one or more of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacinamide, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, biotin, or pantothenic acid.
22. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises at least one of a probiotic, Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., or Enterococcus faecium.
23. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises at least one of a colorant, caramel, FD&C yellow No. 6 lake, FD&C blue No. 2 lake, kaolin, chalk, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, carbon black, aluminum hydroxide, erythrosine lake, carmosine lake, or FD&C red 40 lake.
24. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises at least one antioxidant; flavan-3-ol monomer; flavan-3-ol polymer or subset of flavan-3-ol polymer, epicatechin; -(−) epicatechin; catechin; (+)-catechin; flavandiol; oligomer of flavandiol; leucocyanidin; quercetin; trans-resveratrol; epigallocatechin (EGC); epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); ( )-epicatechin gallate; procyanidin; oligomeric procyanidin; natural alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); synthetic TBHQ, BHA, or BHT; propyl gallate; vitamin C (ascorbic acid); glutathione; rosemary extract; or natural tocopherol.
25. The pet food product of claim 1 , wherein said pet food product further comprises at least one enzyme, protease, lipase, papain, bromelain, amylase, or amylopectinase.