Detectors and methods of using them
Certain embodiments described herein are directed to detectors and systems using them. In some examples, the detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In some instances, an analog signal from a non-saturated dynode is measured and cross-calibrated with a pulse count signal to extend the dynamic range of the detector.
1. An electron multiplier comprising a plurality of dynodes, in which at least two dynodes of the plurality of dynodes are each electrically coupled to a respective electrometer, in which the electron multiplier is configured to split a beam into a first beam and a second beam, in which the electron multiplier is electrically coupled to a first processor configured to measure a non-saturated analog signal, using the first beam, from one of the at least two dynodes electrically coupled to its respective electrometer, in which the electron multiplier is configured to count pulses, using the second beam, to provide a pulse count signal and in which the first processor is configured to cross-calibrate the measured non-saturated analog signal with the pulse count signal to provide a calibration curve.
2. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additional electrometer electrically coupled to one of the plurality of dynodes.
3. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which at least one dynode without a respective electrometer is positioned between dynodes that are electrically coupled to an electrometer.
4. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrometers, in which the electron multiplier is configured with every other dynode electrically coupled to an electrometer.
5. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrometers, in which the electron multiplier is configured with every third dynode electrically coupled to an electrometer.
6. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrometers, in which the electron multiplier is configured with every fourth dynode electrically coupled to an electrometer.
7. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrometers, in which the electron multiplier is configured with every fifth dynode electrically coupled to an electrometer.
8. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which each electrometer is electrically coupled to a respective signal converter.
9. The electron multiplier of claim 8 , in which each signal converter is an analog-to-digital converter to provide simultaneous digital signals.
10. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , further comprising a respective processor electrically coupled to each electrometer.
11. The electron multiplier of claim 10 , in which the first processor is configured to cross-calibrate the non-saturated analog signal with the pulse count signal.
12. The electron multiplier of claim 11 , in which the first processor is configured to terminate signal amplification at a saturated dynode of the plurality of dynodes.
13. The electron multiplier of claim 12 , in which the first processor is configured to alter a voltage at the saturated dynode or a dynode downstream from the saturated dynode.
14. The electron multiplier of claim 11 , in which voltage of the electron multiplier is not adjusted between measuring species having different mass-to-charge ratios and/or different concentrations.
15. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which the electron multiplier is configured to terminate signal amplification at a saturated dynode of the plurality of dynodes.
16. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which the electron multiplier is configured to provide independent voltage control at each dynode of the plurality of dynodes.
17. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which dynode to dynode voltage is constant with a change of electron current at each dynode.
18. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which dynamic range of the electron multiplier is greater than 10 8 for a 100 KHz reading.
19. The electron multiplier of claim 1 , in which the first processor is configured to use the provided calibration curve to determine the level of ions in a sample.
20. The electron multiplier of claim 19 , in which the first processor is configured to scale the non-saturated analog signal using a respective electron multiplier gain.