Advanced tritium system and advanced permeation system for separation of tritium from radioactive wastes

1. A method for continuous low energy extraction of tritium from a tritiated source, comprising:

transporting a first intermodal container including a first liquid phase catalytic exchange column to a site, the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column comprising a first catalyst, a first inlet, a second inlet, and a first outlet;

transporting a second intermodal container including a second liquid phase catalytic exchange column to the site, the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column comprising a second catalyst, a third inlet, a fourth inlet, and a second outlet;

transporting a third intermodal container including an electrolyzer to the site, the electrolyzer comprising an electrolyzer input and an electrolyzer output;

using the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column, while supported by the first intermodal container, to:

receive a first hydrogen (first H2) gas from the first inlet,

receive the tritiated source from the second inlet, wherein the tritiated source comprises a first concentration of tritiated water,

use the first catalyst to exchange protium ions in the first H2 gas with tritium ions in the tritiated source to yield tritiated hydrogen (HT) gas at the first outlet and a second concentration of tritiated water, wherein the second concentration of tritiated water is less than the first concentration of tritiated water,

monitor tritium content of the second concentration of tritiated water with a first tritium monitor for a first predetermined level, and

responsive to detecting the first predetermined level, release the second concentration of tritiated water to the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column,

using the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, while supported by the second intermodal container, to:

receive the HT gas from the first outlet via the third inlet,

receive the second concentration of tritiated water from the fourth inlet,

use the second catalyst to exchange tritium ions in the HT gas with protium ions in the second concentration of tritiated water to yield a second H2 gas from a second outlet and a third concentration of tritiated water, wherein the third concentration of tritiated water is greater than the second concentration of tritiated water,

monitor the tritium content of the third concentration of tritiated water with a second tritium monitor for a second predetermined level, and

responsive to detecting the second predetermined level, release the third concentration of tritiated water to the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column, and using the electrolyzer, while supported by the third intermodal container, to:

receive a portion of the third concentration of tritiated water at the electrolyzer input,

split the third concentration of tritiated water into HT gas and oxygen gas, and

release the HT gas from the electrolyzer output to the third inlet.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exchange of protium ions with tritium ions in the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column occurs at a first temperature, a first pressure, and a first flow rate the exchange tritium ions with protium ions in the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column occurs at a second temperature, a second pressure, and a second flow rate.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first temperature is in the range of 80° C.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first pressure and second pressure are in the range of 5 to 20 atmospheres.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst includes at least one of a first volume of hydrophobic exchange media and a first volume of hydrophilic exchange media.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first volume of hydrophobic exchange media is at least one of equal to and greater than a second volume of hydrophobic exchange media.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first volume of hydrophilic exchange media is at least one of equal to and greater than a second volume of hydrophilic exchange media.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column is operably configured to distribute a first volume of liquid through a first liquid distributor and is configured to distribute a second volume of liquid through a second liquid distributor.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first volume of a liquid is distributed at a first rate, and wherein the second volume of liquid is distributed at a second rate, wherein the first rate is at least one of equal to and greater than the second rate.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second H2 gas at the second outlet is received by the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column.

11. A method for continuous low energy extraction of tritium from a tritiated source, the method comprising:

transporting a first intermodal container including at least one of a first liquid phase catalytic exchange column, a second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, and an electrolyzer;

transporting a second intermodal container including at least another of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column, the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, and the electrolyzer;

using the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column, while supported by one of the first intermodal container and the second intermodal container, to

receive a first hydrogen (H2) gas and the tritiated source,

exchange protium ions in the first H2 gas with tritium ions in the tritiated source, and

yield tritiated hydrogen (HT) gas at a first outlet and a first concentration of tritiated water at a second outlet;

monitoring tritium content of the first concentration of tritiated water with a first tritium monitor for a first predetermined level,

responsive to detecting the first predetermined level, transferring the first concentration of tritiated water from the second outlet to at least one of the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, the electrolyzer, and a first drain;

using the electrolyzer to

receive a portion of the first concentration of tritiated water at an electrolyzer input,

split the first concentration of tritiated water into HT gas and oxygen gas, and

release the HT gas from an electrolyzer output,

using the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, while supported by one of the first intermodal container and the second intermodal container, to

receive the HT gas from the first outlet of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and the electrolyzer output,

exchange protium ions of the first concentration of tritiated water with tritium ions in the HT gas, and

yield a second H2 gas at a third outlet and a second concentration of tritiated water at a fourth outlet;

monitoring tritium content of the second concentration of tritiated water with a second tritium monitor for a second predetermined level,

responsive to detecting the second predetermined level, transferring the second concentration of tritiated water from the fourth outlet of the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column to at least one of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and a second drain.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second concentration of tritiated water is greater than the first concentration of tritiated water.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second H2 gas at the third outlet is received by the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the exchange of protium ions with tritium ions in the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column occurs at a first temperature, a first pressure, and a first flow rate and the exchange of protium ions with tritium ions in the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column occurs at a second temperature, a second pressure, and a second flow rate.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first temperature is in the range of 80° C. to 140° C. and the second temperature is in the range of 20° C. to 60° C.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first pressure and second pressure are in the range of 5 to 20 atmospheres.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first catalyst includes at least one of a first volume of hydrophobic exchange media and a first volume of hydrophilic exchange media.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first volume of hydrophobic exchange media is at least one of equal to and greater than a second volume of hydrophobic exchange media.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first volume of hydrophilic exchange media is at least one of equal to and greater than a second volume of hydrophilic exchange media.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and second liquid phase catalytic exchange column each have a top end and a bottom end.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the first inlet and third inlet are each located on the bottom end of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, respectively, and

the second inlet and first outlet, and the fourth inlet and second outlet, each are located on the top end of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, respectively.

22. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and second liquid phase catalytic exchange column each have a top end and a bottom end,

the first outlet and third outlet are each located on the top end of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and second liquid phase catalytic exchange column, respectively, and

the second outlet and fourth outlet are each located on the bottom end of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and second liquid phase catalytic exchange column respectively.

23. The method of claim 1 , further comprising conveying the tritiated water and the hydrogen gas through the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column in a continuous closed loop process.

24. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column houses the electrolyzer and wherein releasing the HT gas from the electrolyzer output includes directing the HT gas from the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column.

25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising transporting a heater on a fourth intermodal container and combining heated water vapor from the heater with the second H2 gas.

26. The method of claim 1 , further comprising releasably coupling at least one of the first intermodal container, the second intermodal container, and the third intermodal container to a fourth intermodal container, the fourth intermodal container housing a control system configured to operate at least one of the processes of the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column and the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column.

27. The method of claim 1 , wherein

the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column is disposed in the first intermodal container,

the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column is disposed in the second intermodal container, and

the electrolyzer is disposed in the third intermodal container.

28. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the first liquid phase catalytic exchange column is disposed in one of the first intermodal container and the second intermodal container,

the second liquid phase catalytic exchange column is disposed in one of the first intermodal container and the second intermodal container.

29. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrolyzer is disposed in a third intermodal container.