Microwave dipolar heating of energetic polymers for carbon fiber-matrix separation
The present technology provides a carbon fiber reinforced plastic that includes carbon fibers covalently bonded to an energetic polymer and a polymer matrix. Also described is a method for recycling carbon fibers from the carbon fiber reinforced plastic material using microwave energy to separate the carbon fibers from the polymer matrix.
1. A process for recycling carbon fiber from a carbon-fiber reinforced plastic,
the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic comprising:
a polymeric matrix;
at least one carbon fiber in the polymeric matrix, wherein the at least one carbon fiber comprises an exterior surface; and
an energetic polymer interface located between the exterior surface of the at least one carbon fiber and the polymeric matrix;
wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently coupled to the exterior surface of the at least one carbon fiber;
the process comprising:
exposing the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic to electromagnetic radiation to induce localized dipolar heating;
decomposing the energetic polymer interface; and
separating the decomposed energetic polymer interface and the polymeric matrix from the at least one carbon fiber to obtain recycled carbon fiber, wherein the recycled carbon fiber comprises the exterior surface.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic is exposed to the electromagnetic radiation in the presence of a solvent.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength of 1 MHz to 300 MHz.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process further comprises re-functionalizing the exterior surface of the recycled carbon fiber.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the re-functionalizing comprises chemical treatment with a strong inorganic acid, a strong organic acid, or both.
6. The process of claim 4 , wherein the re-functionalizing comprises electrochemical oxidation in an aqueous electrochemical bath in the presence of oxygen.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the exterior surface of the carbon fiber is functionalized by one or more groups selected from a carboxylic acid, an acid halide, an acid anhydride, an aldehyde, a hydroxyl, a vinyl, and an amine.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently coupled to the exterior surface of the carbon fiber through a bond selected from the group consisting of an amide, an ester, an anhydride, an imine, an ether, a silyl ether, a urethane, and a carbon-carbon bond.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is selected from the group consisting of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), polyglycidyl nitrate (polyGLYN), nitrocellulose, aiidocellulose, nitratopolyethers, fluoropolymers, polyvinylnitrates, polyvinyltriazoles, polyvinyltriazolium salts, polynitroaromatics, nitrated polybutadienes, poly(nitrooxetanes), poly(nitrooxiranes), and copolymers thereof.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic further comprises a microwave receptive additive in contact with the energetic polymer interface.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the energetic polymer interface in contact with the microwave receptive additive is excited more strongly than the carbon fiber, by the electromagnetic radiation.
12. The process of claim 10 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is present in an amount from 0.01% by weight to 50% by weight of the energetic polymer interface.
13. The process of claim 10 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is selected from the group consisting of metals, metal salts, metal oxides, zeolites, synthetic zeolites, carbon derivatives, hydrated minerals, hydrated salts of metal compounds, polymeric receptive materials, clays, organo-modified clays, silicates, ceramics, sulfides, titanates, silicates, aluminas, carbides, and sulfur.
14. The process of claim 10 , wherein the process comprises exposing the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic to microwave radiation to induce the localized dipolar heating.
15. The process of claim 12 , wherein the process comprises exposing the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic to microwave radiation to induce the localized dipolar heating.
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein the process comprises exposing the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic to microwave radiation to induce the localized dipolar heating.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic further comprises a polymer adhesive in contact with the energetic polymer interface and the polymeric matrix.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently bonded to the polymer adhesive.
19. The process of claim 17 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is in non-covalent contact with the polymer adhesive.
20. The process of claim 17 , wherein the polymer adhesive is selected from the group consisting of plant resins; protein glues; natural latex rubber; resorcinol resin; methyl cellulose; starch; urea-formaldehyde resin; phenol-formaldehyde resin; polymer cement; acrylonitrile resin; cyanoacrylate resin; acrylic resin; epoxy resins; epoxy putty; polyamide resin; polyimide resin; polyester resin; ethylene vinyl acetate; polyethylene; polypropylene; polysulfides; polyurethanes; polyvinyl acetates; polyvinyl alcohols; polyvinyl halides; silicone adhesives; silicone rubbers; polyvinylpyrrolidone; styrene acrylic copolymer; butyl rubber; nitrile rubber; polychloroprene; polyisoprene; styrene-butadiene-styrene; styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene; styrene-ethylene/propylene; styrene-isoprene-styrene; polyester-polyurethane resin; polyol-polyurethane resin; and acrylic-polyurethane resins.