Sub-sampling antenna elements
An antenna apparatus for use in a wireless network and method of operating such an antenna apparatus are provided. The antenna apparatus has omnidirectional antenna elements and RF chains, where there are fewer RF chains than omnidirectional antenna elements. A subset of the omnidirectional antenna elements are coupled to the RF chains and sampling circuitry coupled to the RF chains samples the signals received by the subset of the omnidirectional antenna elements. This forms part of a signal detection process in which different subsets of the omnidirectional antenna elements are iteratively coupled to the RF chains. A signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the omnidirectional antenna elements is constructed from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry at each iteration and a beamforming algorithm applied to the signal sample spatial covariance matrix parameterizes the signals received by the omnidirectional antenna elements.
1. An antenna apparatus comprising:
a uniform circular array comprising a plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements;
a rotational mechanism which can cause a rotatable part of the antenna apparatus to be rotatably positioned with respect to a fixed non-rotatable part of the antenna apparatus, wherein the uniform circular array is comprised in the rotatable part;
a plurality of RF chains, wherein a number of the plurality of RF chains is less than a number of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements;
selective connection circuitry to couple a subset of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements to the plurality of RF chains;
sampling circuitry coupled to the plurality of RF chains to sample signals received by the subset of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements; and
signal detection circuitry to control a signal detection process comprising the selective connection circuitry iteratively coupling subsets of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements to the plurality of RF chains and the signal detection circuitry constructing a signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry at each iteration,
and the signal detection circuitry is configured to apply a beamforming algorithm to the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to parameterise the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.
2. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the signal detection circuitry has a configuration to construct the signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry by:
accumulating zero lag auto-correlation values for the signals sampled at each antenna element as a summation;
normalising the summation with respect to a number of iterations performed to generate an averaged power value for the antenna; and
populating diagonal elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix with the averaged power value.
3. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the signal detection circuitry has a configuration to construct the signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry by:
populating off-diagonal elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix with zero lag cross-correlation values for the signals sampled at respective antenna elements.
4. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the off-diagonal elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix populated with zero lag cross-correlation values for the signals sampled at respective antenna elements are one of: upper triangular elements or lower triangular elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix, and wherein the signal detection circuitry has a configuration to construct the signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry by:
conjugating, index-swopping and copying the zero lag cross-correlation values used to populate the upper triangular elements or the lower triangular elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to the lower triangular elements or the upper triangular elements respectively.
5. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the signal detection circuitry has a configuration to construct the signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry by:
accumulating elements of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix as a combination of a previously constructed signal sample spatial covariance matrix and elements calculated from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry in a current instance of the signal detection process.
6. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the signal detection circuitry is capable of applying at least one time-evolution factor when combining the previously constructed signal sample spatial covariance matrix and the elements calculated from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry in the current instance of the signal detection process.
7. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the at least one time-evolution factor is applied as a first selected weighting for the previously constructed signal sample spatial covariance matrix elements and a second selected weighting for the elements calculated from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry in the current instance of the signal detection process, wherein the first selected weighting and the second selected weighting sum to one.
8. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the signal detection circuitry is responsive to completion of the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to apply the beamforming algorithm to the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to generate at least one direction of arrival estimate for the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.
9. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the signal detection circuitry is capable of using the beamforming algorithm to generate at least one received signal strength indication for the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.
10. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the signal detection circuitry is capable of using the beamforming algorithm to generate an indication of a number of sources present in the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.
11. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the antenna apparatus is capable of participating in a passive sounding procedure coordinated with at least one further antenna apparatus, wherein during the passive sounding procedure the antenna apparatus and the at least one further antenna apparatus do not transmit, and the signal detection process forms part of the passive sounding procedure.
12. The antenna apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the antenna apparatus is capable of participating in an active sounding procedure coordinated with at least one further antenna apparatus, wherein during the active sounding procedure one of the group formed by the antenna apparatus and the at least one further antenna apparatus transmits a predetermined signal and others of the group formed by the antenna apparatus and the at least one further antenna apparatus sample the predetermined signal, and the signal detection process forms part of the sampling performed in the active sounding procedure.
13. A method of operating an antenna apparatus comprising the steps of:
selectively coupling a subset of a plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements of the antenna apparatus comprised in a uniform circular array to a plurality of RF chains of the antenna apparatus, wherein a number of the plurality of RF chains is less than a number of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements;
positioning a rotatable part of the antenna apparatus in rotation with respect to a fixed non-rotatable part of the antenna apparatus, wherein the uniform circular array is comprised in the rotatable part;
operating sampling circuitry coupled to the plurality of RF chains to sample signals received by the subset of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements;
iteratively coupling subsets of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements to the plurality of RF chains;
constructing a signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry at each iteration;
applying a beamforming algorithm to the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to parameterise the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.
14. An antenna apparatus comprising:
a uniform circular array comprising a plurality of omnidirectional antenna element means;
a rotation means for causing a rotatable part of the antenna apparatus to be rotatably positioned with respect to a fixed non-rotatable part of the antenna apparatus, wherein the uniform circular array is comprised in the rotatable part;
a plurality of RF chain means, wherein a number of the plurality of RF chain means is less than a number of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna element means;
means for selectively coupling a subset of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna element means to the plurality of RF chain means;
means for operating sampling circuitry coupled to the plurality of RF chains to sample signals received by the subset of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements;
means for iteratively coupling subsets of the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements to the plurality of RF chains;
means for constructing a signal sample spatial covariance matrix for the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements from the signals sampled by the sampling circuitry at each iteration; and
means for applying a beamforming algorithm to the signal sample spatial covariance matrix to parameterise the signals received by the plurality of omnidirectional antenna elements.