Lithium anodes for electrochemical cells
Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode comprising an electroactive layer comprising lithium as an electroactive species;
a liquid electrolyte; and
an intermediary structure positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode, the intermediary structure comprising a lithium-containing, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material that allows passage of lithium ions and at least one polymer, wherein the lithium-containing, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and the at least one polymer form a composite.
2. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode;
a liquid electrolyte; and
a second electrode comprising:
lithium as an electroactive species, and
a protective layer structure comprising at least one lithium-containing, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material that allows passage of lithium ions and at least one polymer, wherein the lithium-containing, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and the at least one polymer form a composite layer, and wherein the protective layer protects the second electrode from a species in the liquid electrolyte.
3. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode;
a liquid electrolyte;
a second electrode comprising an electroactive layer comprising lithium as an electroactive species; and
an intermediary structure positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode, the intermediary structure comprising at least one protective layer comprising a lithium-containing, porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material that allows passage of lithium ions; and
at least one polymer.
4. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure is substantially impermeable to liquids.
5. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure includes holes.
6. An electrochemical cell as in claim 5 , wherein the holes are filled with the polymer.
7. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material has a lithium ion conductivity greater than 10 −7 ohm −1 cm −1 .
8. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is formed at least in part by condensing lithium vapor onto a substrate in presence of a gaseous material to co-deposit a lithium electrode active layer.
9. An electrochemical cell as in claim 8 , wherein the gaseous material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of carbon dioxide, acetylene, nitrogen, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl sulfite esters, and alkyl sulfate esters.
10. An electrochemical cell as in claim 9 , wherein the gaseous material is carbon dioxide.
11. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises sulfur as an active first electrode species.
12. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material is in the form of a layer positioned between the electroactive layer and the polymer layer.
13. An electrochemical cell as in claim 12 , wherein the layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises pores, and the polymer fills at least a portion of the pores of the layer.
14. An electrochemical cell as in claim 13 , wherein the polymer is deposited onto the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer by a flash evaporation process.
15. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises a ceramic conductive to lithium ions.
16. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure comprises a multilayer comprising alternating lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer(s) and polymer layer(s).
17. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electroactive layer has a thickness between 5-50 microns.
18. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , comprising a polymer gel positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode.
19. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the lithium-ion conductive material comprises lithium nitride or lithium oxide.
20. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 ,
wherein the electroactive layer has a thickness between 5 microns-50 microns,
wherein the intermediary structure comprises a layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and having a thickness between 10 nm-2000 nm, and
wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer positioned between the layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and the first electrode.
21. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the lithium-containing, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises a metal sulfide.
22. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electroactive layer comprises carbon.
23. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure protects the second electrode from a species in the liquid electrolyte.
24. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , comprising a porous separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode.