Enhanced packing of energy storage particles
The present application is generally directed to energy storage materials such as activated carbon comprising enhanced particle packing properties and devices containing the same. The energy storage materials find utility in any number of devices, for example, in electric double layer capacitance devices and batteries. Methods for making the energy storage materials are also disclosed.
1. A device comprising an energy storage material comprising a plurality of energy storage particles, wherein the plurality of energy storage particles comprises a particle size distribution such that the equation of a plot of the cumulative finer volume distribution vs. particle size comprises a correlation coefficient of 0.96 or greater relative to the modified Andreassen equation for the particle size distribution, and wherein the modified Andreassen equation comprises a q value of 0.3.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage particles are a carbon material.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the correlation coefficient is 0.97 or greater.
4. The device of claim 2 , wherein the correlation coefficient is 0.99 or greater.
5. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a packing ratio of 0.97 or greater when formed into an electrode.
6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the carbon material comprises a packing ratio of 1.0 or greater when formed into an electrode.
7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the carbon material comprises a packing ratio of 1.1 or greater when formed into an electrode.
8. The device of claim 2 , wherein the particle size distribution comprises particle sizes ranging from 0.01 μm to 20 μm.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the particle size distribution comprises particle sizes ranging from 0.03 μm to 17 μm.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the particle size distribution comprises particle sizes from 0.04 μm to 12 μm.
11. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material is prepared by blending two or more different carbon samples, each carbon sample comprising a different particle size distribution.
12. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material is activated, and the carbon material comprises a plurality of activated carbon particles.
13. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a plurality of activated carbon particles and a plurality of carbon black particles.
14. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a total impurity content of less than 500 ppm of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92 as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
15. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a BET specific surface area of 1500 m 2 /g or greater.
16. The device of claim 15 , wherein the carbon material comprises a BET specific surface area of 2000 m 2 /g or greater.
17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the carbon material comprises a BET specific surface area of 2400 m 2 /g or greater.
18. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a pore volume of at least 0.7 cc/g.
19. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a pore volume of at least 1.5 cc/g.
20. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a pore volume of at least 1.0 cc/g.
21. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a pore volume of at least 2.0 cc/g.
22. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a trimodal particle size distribution.
23. The device of claim 22 , wherein the trimodal particle size distribution comprises particle size maxima at about 0.1 to about 0.2 μm, about 0.9 to about 1.0 μm and about 9 to about 10 μm.
24. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a calendaring ratio of at least 40%.
25. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a calendaring ratio of at least 50%.
26. The device of claim 2 , wherein the carbon material comprises a calendaring ratio of at least 60%.
27. The device of claim 2 , wherein the device is an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) device comprising;
a) a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein each of the positive and negative electrodes comprise the carbon material;
b) an inert porous separator; and
c) an electrolyte;
wherein the positive electrode and the negative electrode are separated by the inert porous separator.
28. The device of claim 27 , wherein the EDLC device comprises a volumetric capacitance of 10.0 F/cc or greater as measured by constant current discharge from 2.7 V to 0.1 V with a 5 second time constant employing a 1.8 M solution of tetraethylammonium-tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile electrolyte and a current density of 0.5 A/g.
29. The device of claim 27 , wherein the EDLC device comprises a volumetric capacitance of 20.0 F/cc or greater as measured by constant current discharge from 2.7 V to 0.1 V with a 5 second time constant employing a 1.8 M solution of tetraethylammonium-tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile electrolyte and a current density of 0.5 A/g.
30. The device of claim 27 , wherein the EDLC device comprises a volumetric capacitance of 23.0 F/cc or greater as measured by constant current discharge from 2.7 V to 0.1 V with a 5 second time constant employing a 1.8 M solution of tetraethylammonium-tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile electrolyte and a current density of 0.5 A/g.
31. The device of claim 27 , wherein the EDLC device comprises a gravimetric capacitance of 104 F/g or greater as measured by constant current discharge from 2.7 V to 0.1 V with a 5 second time constant employing a 1.8 M solution of tetraethylammonium-tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile electrolyte and a current density of 0.5 A/g.
32. The device of claim 2 , wherein the device is a battery.
33. The device of claim 32 , wherein the battery is a lithium/carbon battery, lithium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, zinc/carbon battery, lithium air battery or lead acid battery.