Concrete having reduced surface drying time and cementitious compositions and methods for manufacturing same
Cementitious compositions and methods for preparing and using the cementitious compositions to yield hardened concrete. The cementitious compositions yield hardened concrete having reduced or attenuated water vapor emission and lower internal relative humidity (IRH). Cementitious compositions are characterized by the property of rapid surface drying while maintaining good workability, particularly when using porous lightweight aggregates that absorb substantial amounts of water. Methods of decreasing water availability and increasing surface drying of concrete, including lightweight concrete, are provided. A water soluble ionic salt may be used to sequester water within the pores and capillaries of the cement paste and/or porous lightweight aggreate by modifying the colligative propertie of pore water. The salt may be added directly to concrete or the concrete mix water, or, alternatively, aggregates may be infused with a water-salt solution to provide treated porous aggregates having improved water saturation and water retention.
1. A cementitious composition comprising:
a hydraulic cement;
an aggregate;
one or more water soluble alkali metal salts having a cation to anion molar ratio of at least 1 and a concentration in a range of about 5 pounds per cubic yard (pcy) to about 60 pcy of the cementitious composition based on a sodium nitrite equivalent; and
water,
wherein the hydraulic cement, aggregate, one or more water soluble alkali metal salts, and water are selected and proportioned so that the cementitious composition has a water to cementitious binder ratio (w/cm) in a range of 0.2 to 0.7, and
wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts reduce internal relative humidity (IRH) of hardened concrete made from the cementitious composition.
2. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the cementitious composition produces hardened concrete that achieves an internal relative humidity (IRH) of 80% or less in 50 days or less when evaluated in accordance with ASTM F 2170.
3. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the cementitious composition produces hardened concrete that achieves an internal relative humidity (IRH) of 75% or less in 50 days or less when evaluated in accordance with ASTM F 2170.
4. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the cementitious composition produces hardened concrete containing a number of moles of remaining free water and a number of moles of dissolved ions according to Equation (I):
Moles Free Water÷(Moles Free Water+Moles Dissolved Ions)≤0.80 (I).
5. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprise at least one alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of lithium, potassium, and sodium and at least one monovalent or divalent anion selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate, sulfate, thiosulfate, thiosulfate hydrate, bromide, chloride, thiocyanate, nitrite, and nitrate.
6. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprises an alkali metal salt having a concentration in a range of about 5 (MW/IPM÷34.5) pounds per cubic yard (pcy) to about 60 (MW/IPM÷34.5) pcy of the cementitious composition, where MW=molecular weight and IPM=ions per molecule for the alkali metal salt.
7. The cementitious composition of claim 6 , wherein the alkali metal salt has a concentration in a range of about 10 (MW/IPM÷34.5) pcy to about 50 (MW/IPM÷34.5) pcy of the cementitious composition.
8. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the aggregate comprises a lightweight aggregate and the cementitious composition yields lightweight concrete.
9. The cementitious composition of claim 8 , wherein the lightweight aggregate comprises at least one of slag, shale, clay, slate, expanded slag, expanded shale, expanded clay, expanded slate, cinders, scoria, pumice, tuff, perlite, or vermiculite.
10. The cementitious composition of claim 1 , wherein the aggregate comprises a porous lightweight aggregate, and wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprise one or both of an alkali metal formate and an alkali metal thiocyanate.
11. A concrete composition comprising the mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement;
an aggregate;
one or more water soluble alkali metal salts having a cation to anion molar ratio of at least 1 and a concentration in a range of about 5 pounds per cubic yard (pcy) to about 60 pcy of the concrete composition based on a sodium nitrite equivalent; and
water,
wherein the hydraulic cement, aggregate, one or more water soluble alkali metal salts, and water are selected and proportioned so that the concrete composition, when freshly prepared, has a water to cementitious binder ratio (w/cm) in a range of 0.2 to 0.7, and, after hardening to form hardened concrete, the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts reduce internal relative humidity (IRH) of the hardened concrete.
12. The concrete composition of claim 11 , wherein the hardened concrete achieves an internal relative humidity (IRH) of 80% or less in 50 days or less when evaluated in accordance with ASTM F 2170.
13. The concrete composition of claim 11 , wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprise at least one alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of lithium, potassium, and sodium and at least one monovalent or divalent anion selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate, sulfate, thiosulfate, thiosulfate hydrate, bromide, chloride, thiocyanate, nitrite, and nitrate.
14. The concrete composition of claim 11 , wherein the aggregate comprises a lightweight aggregate and the concrete composition is lightweight concrete.
15. The concrete composition of claim 14 , wherein the lightweight aggregate comprises at least one of slag, shale, clay, slate, expanded slag, expanded shale, expanded clay, expanded slate, cinders, scoria, pumice, tuff, perlite, or vermiculite.
16. The concrete composition of claim 11 , wherein the aggregate comprises a porous lightweight aggregate, and wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprise one or both of an alkali metal formate and an alkali metal thiocyanate.
17. A cementitious composition comprising:
a hydraulic cement;
an aggregate;
one or more water soluble alkali metal salts having a cation to anion molar ratio of at least 1 and a concentration in a range of about 0.2% to about 4% by weight of the cementitious composition based on a sodium chloride equivalent; and
water,
wherein the hydraulic cement, aggregate, one or more water soluble alkali metal salts, and water are selected and proportioned so that the cementitious composition has a water to cementitious binder ratio (w/cm) in a range of 0.2 to 0.7, and
wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts reduce internal relative humidity (IRH) of hardened concrete made from the cementitious composition.
18. The cementitious composition of claim 17 , wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts have a concentration in a range of about 0.5% to about 2.5% by weight of the cementitious composition based on a sodium chloride equivalent.
19. The cementitious composition of claim 17 , wherein the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts comprise at least one alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of lithium, potassium, and sodium and at least one monovalent or divalent anion selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate, sulfate, thiosulfate, thiosulfate hydrate, bromide, chloride, thiocyanate, nitrite, and nitrate.
20. The cementitious composition of claim 17 , wherein the aggregate comprises a lightweight aggregate and the cementitious composition yields lightweight concrete.
21. A concrete composition comprising the mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement;
an aggregate;
one or more water soluble alkali metal salts having a cation to anion molar ratio of at least 1 and a concentration in a range of about 0.2% to about 4% by weight of the concrete composition based on a sodium chloride equivalent; and
water,
wherein the hydraulic cement, aggregate, one or more water soluble alkali metal salts, and water are selected and proportioned so that the concrete composition, when freshly prepared, has a water to cementitious binder ratio (w/cm) in a range of 0.2 to 0.7, and, after hardening to form hardened concrete, the one or more water soluble alkali metal salts reduce internal relative humidity (IRH) of the hardened concrete.