Modified alginates for cell encapsulation and cell therapy

1. A modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers defined by Formula I

wherein:

X is oxygen or sulfur;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted polyaryl, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, or substituted heterocyclic wherein, when X is O, the substituted alkyl comprises a moiety selected from the group consisting of substituted heteroaryl, substituted aryl,

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; and

wherein:

the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification, and

(i) the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da, and

(ii) the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

2. The modified alginate of claim 1 , wherein when X is O, R 1 is substituted alkyl selected from the group consisting of:

3. The modified alginate of claim 1 , wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are each hydrogen.

4. The modified alginate of claim 1 , wherein more than 20% of the monomers in the modified alginate comprise covalently modified monomers.

5. A modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers defined by Formula I

wherein:

X is NR;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or poly(ethylene glycol);

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic;

wherein when R 1 is substituted alkyl and the substituent of the substituted alkyl is poly(ethylene glycol), the poly(ethylene glycol) comprises a substituted heteroaryl group; and

wherein:

the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification,

the modified alginate has a contact angle of more than 90°, and

(i) the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da, or

(ii) the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

6. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein X is NH.

7. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein R 1 is substituted alkyl.

8. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein R 1 is substituted alkyl and the substituted alkyl comprises a heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, or amino group.

9. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein R 1 is substituted alkyl and the substituted alkyl comprises a 1,2,3-triazoyl, phenyl, tetrahydropyranyl, substituted thiomorpholinyl, or amino group.

10. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are each hydrogen.

11. The modified alginate of claim 5 , wherein more than 20% of the monomers in the modified alginate comprise covalently modified monomers.

12. A modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers defined by Formula I

wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR;

wherein R is hydrogen;

wherein Y 1 is hydrogen; wherein Y 2 is hydrogen;

wherein R 1 is

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

(iv) the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1, or

(v) a combination of two or more of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv).

13. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein X is oxygen or sulfur.

14. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen, and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

15. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two different modified alginate monomer species of Formula I.

16. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two different modified alginate monomer species of Formula I, and wherein for each of the modified alginate monomer species X is independently NR or oxygen.

17. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two different modified alginate monomer species of Formula I, wherein for at least one of the at least two different modified alginate monomer species X is NR, and wherein for at least one of the at least two different modified alginate monomer species X is oxygen.

18. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two different modified alginate monomer species of Formula I, wherein for at least one of the at least two different modified alginate monomer species R 1 is

19. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two different modified alginate monomer species of Formula I, wherein for at least one of the at least two different modified alginate monomer species R 1 is

20. A modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers selected from

21. A hydrogel comprising a modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers defined by Formula I

wherein:

X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, or poly(ethylene glycol);

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic,

wherein when R 1 is substituted alkyl and the substituent of the substituted alkyl is poly(ethylene glycol), the poly(ethylene glycol comprises a substituted heteroaryl group;

wherein the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification;

wherein when X is NR the modified alginate has a contact angle of more than 90°;

and wherein

(i) the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da, or

(ii) the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

22. The hydrogel of claim 21 , wherein the hydrogel comprises a capsule or microparticle.

23. The hydrogel of claim 21 further comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene glycol), chitosan, dextran, hyaluronic acid, silk, fibrin, poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate).

24. The hydrogel of claim 21 , wherein the hydrogel comprises at least two covalently modified alginates cross-linked by a divalent ion.

25. The hydrogel of claim 24 , wherein the divalent ion comprises Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , or Sr 2+ .

26. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification.

27. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein at least 10% of the modified alginate comprises modified alginate monomers.

28. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da.

29. The modified alginate of claim 12 , wherein the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

30. A modified alginate comprising one or more covalently modified monomers defined by Formula I

wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR;

wherein R is hydrogen;

wherein Y 1 is hydrogen; wherein Y 2 is hydrogen;

wherein R 1 is

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

wherein:

(i) the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification,

(ii) at least 10% of the modified alginate comprises modified alginate monomers,

(iii) the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da,

31. The modified alginate of claim 30 , wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently

32. The modified alginate of claim 30 , wherein the purity of the modified alginate as determined by 1 H NMR is at least 90% when the modified alginate is purified after chemical modification.

33. The modified alginate of claim 30 , wherein the modified alginate has a weight average molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da.

34. The modified alginate of claim 30 , wherein the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

35. A hydrogel comprising a modified alginate according to claim 30 .

36. The hydrogel of claim 35 , wherein the modified alginate comprises at least two covalently modified monomers cross-linked by a divalent ion.

37. The hydrogel of claim 36 , wherein the divalent ion comprises Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , or Sr 2+ .

38. The hydrogel of claim 35 , wherein the hydrogel is in the form of a capsule or microparticle.

39. A hydrogel comprising a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers comprising

40. The hydrogel of claim 39 , wherein the hydrogel is in the form of a capsule or microparticle.

41. A hydrogel comprising a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers comprising

42. The hydrogel of claim 41 , wherein the hydrogel is in the form of a capsule or microparticle.

43. A hydrogel comprising a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers comprising

44. The hydrogel of claim 43 , wherein the hydrogel is in the form of a capsule or microparticle.