Printed energy storage device

1. An energy storage device, comprising:

a printed electrode layer comprising an ionic liquid and an electrode conductive carbon additive,

wherein the ionic liquid includes a cation selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, butyltrimethylammonium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, choline, ethylammonium, tributylmethylphosphonium, tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, 1-ethyl-2,3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium, diethylmethylsulfonium, 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium, 1-butyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, and

wherein the ionic liquid includes an anion selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, ethyl sulfate, dimethyl phosphate, methanesulfonate, tricyanomethanide, dibutylphosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, iodide, chloride, bromide, and nitrate,

wherein the energy storage device comprises a zinc manganese dioxide battery.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the printed electrode layer comprises a printed anode electrode layer.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrode conductive carbon additive comprises at least one of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise multi-wall carbon nanotubes.

5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an electrolyte comprising the ionic liquid.

6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises zinc tetrafluoroborate.

7. A zinc manganese dioxide battery comprising:

a printed electrode layer comprising an ionic liquid, an electrode conductive carbon additive comprising multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and an electrolyte; and

a separator adjacent the printed electrode layer,

wherein the electrolyte comprises the ionic liquid,

wherein the ionic liquid includes a cation selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, butyltrimethylammonium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, choline, ethylammonium, tributylmethylphosphonium, tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, 1-ethyl-2,3-methyl imidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium, diethylmethylsulfonium, 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium, 1-butyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, wherein the ionic liquid includes an anion selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, ethyl sulfate, dimethyl phosphate, methanesulfonate, tricyanomethanide, dibutylphosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, iodide, chloride, bromide, and nitrate, and

wherein the separator comprises at least one of polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, and aramid.

8. The zinc manganese dioxide battery of claim 7 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises zinc tetrafluoroborate.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the printed electrode layer comprises a printed cathode electrode layer.

10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the printed electrode layer further comprises manganese dioxide.

11. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a separator adjacent the printed electrode layer, wherein the separator comprises at least one of polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, and aramid.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a non-printed separator.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid comprises 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C 2 mimBF 4 ).

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the printed electrode layer comprises the electrode conductive carbon additive at a concentration of 0.5 weight % to 5 weight %.

15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the printed electrode layer comprises the electrode conductive carbon additive at a concentration of 1.5 weight % to 24 weight %.

16. The device of claim 5 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a zinc salt.

17. The device of claim 4 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are ground.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrode conductive carbon additive and the ionic liquid form a homogenous mixture.

19. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a binder.

20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the binder comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethelene, polypropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene glycolhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinylcaprolactam, polyvinyl chloride; polyimide polymers and copolymers (including aliphatic, aromatic and semi-aromatic polyimides), polyamides, polyacrylamide, acrylate and (meth)acrylate polymers and copolymers such as polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, allylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polychloroprene, polyethersulfone, nylon, styrene-acrylonitrile resin; polyethylene glycols, clays such as hectorite clays, garamite clays, organomodified clays; saccharides and polysaccharides such as guar gum, xanthan gum, starch, butyl rubber, agarose, pectin; celluloses and modified celluloses such as hydroxyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl methylcellulose, methoxy cellulose, methoxy methylcellulose, methoxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, hydroxy ethylcellulose, ethyl hydroxyl ethylcellulose, cellulose ether, cellulose ethyl ether, and chitosan.