Systems and methods for phototherapeutic modulation of nitric oxide
Systems and methods for phototherapeutic modulation of nitric oxide in mammalian tissue include use of a first wavelength and first radiant flux of light to stimulate enzymatic generation of nitric oxide, and use of a second wavelength and second radiant flux of light to stimulate release of nitric oxide from endogenous stores of nitric oxide. Pulsed light and/or partially non-overlapping light impingement windows may be used. Non-coherent light impinged on tissue may include a peak wavelength in a range of from 410 nm to 440 nm in the absence of light emissions having a peak wavelength of from 600 nm to 900 nm.
1. A method of modulating nitric oxide in living mammalian tissue, the method comprising:
impinging light on the tissue, including incoherent light having a first peak wavelength and a first radiant flux, and incoherent light having a second peak wavelength and a second radiant flux;
wherein the first peak wavelength and the first radiant flux are selected to release nitric oxide from endogenous stores of nitric oxide;
wherein the second peak wavelength and the second radiant flux are selected to stimulate enzymatic generation of nitric oxide to increase endogenous stores of nitric oxide;
wherein the second peak wavelength differs from the first peak wavelength by at least 25 nm;
wherein each of the first peak wavelength and the second peak wavelength is in a red wavelength range; and
wherein the light impinged on the tissue is devoid of coherent light.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second peak wavelength differs from the first peak wavelength by at least 50 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first radiant flux and the second radiant flux is in a range of at least 5 mW/cm 2 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first radiant flux and the second radiant flux is in a range of from 5 mW/cm 2 to 60 mW/cm 2 .
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enzymatic generation of nitric oxide is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and/or endothelial nitric oxide synthase NOS (eNOS) in or proximate to the tissue.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the endogenous stores of nitric oxide comprise nitrosoglutathione, nitrosoalbumin, nitrosohemoglobin, nitrosothiols, nitrosamines, and/or metal nitrosyl complexes in or proximate to the tissue.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light having a first peak wavelength is produced by a first array of light emitting devices, and the light having a second peak wavelength is produced by a second array of light emitting devices.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impinging of light having a first peak wavelength is performed during a first time window, the impinging of light having a second peak wavelength is performed during a second time window, and the second time window is at least partially non-overlapping with the first time window.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein: (a) the impinging of light having a first peak wavelength on the tissue includes impinging more than one discrete pulse of light having the first peak wavelength on the tissue during a first time window, and/or (b) the impinging of light having a second peak wavelength on the tissue includes impinging more than one discrete pulse of light having the second peak wavelength on the tissue during a second time window.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein one of the light having the first peak wavelength or the light having the second peak wavelength is impinged on the tissue as a plurality of discrete pulses, and the other of the light having the first peak wavelength or the light having the second peak wavelength is impinged on the tissue in a steady-state manner not including a plurality of discrete pulses.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising impinging light having a third peak wavelength on the tissue, wherein the third peak wavelength differs from each of the first peak wavelength and the second peak wavelength by at least 10 nm.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the light having the third peak wavelength comprises a third radiant flux, and the third peak wavelength and the third radiant flux are selected to stimulate enzymatic generation of nitric oxide to increase endogenous stores of nitric oxide.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tissue comprises at least one of epithelial tissue, mucosal tissue, bone, connective tissue, muscle tissue, cervical tissue, or dermal tissue.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tissue is within a body cavity of a patient.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second peak wavelength differs from the first peak wavelength by at least 40 nm.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first peak wavelength is in a range of from 620 nm to 640 nm, and the second peak wavelength is in a range of from 650 nm to 670 nm.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first radiant flux and the second radiant flux is in a range of from 5 mW/cm 2 to 10 mW/cm 2 .