Method of removing a contaminant from a contaminant-containing biological composition useful as a biofuel feedstock
Biological compositions containing animal fats and plant oils desirably are free of contaminants prior to processing into a biofuel. Disclosed herein is a method of removing such contaminants from these compositions to make that processing more efficient. The method employs a unique arrangement of mixers and centrifuges along with acidic solutions and recycle streams to remove these contaminants from the compositions.
1. A method of removing a contaminant from a contaminant-containing biological composition comprising animal fats and plant oils, the method comprising:
(a) mixing the contaminant-containing biological composition with a first mixture of a first aqueous solution having a pH less than 7 and an acidic solution to produce an acid-rich biological composition;
(b) centrifuging the acid-rich biological composition to produce a contaminant-deficient, acid-rich biological composition, an aqueous waste product containing a portion of the contaminant removed from the contaminant-containing biological composition, and a first rag component, and subsequently combining 90% or more (by volume) of the first rag component with the contaminant-deficient, acid-rich biological composition and combining the remaining balance (by volume) of the first rag component with the aqueous waste product;
(c) mixing the contaminant-deficient, acid-rich biological composition comprising 90% or more (by volume) of the first rag component with a second aqueous solution to produce a second mixture, wherein the second aqueous solution has a pH less than 7 but greater than the pH of the first aqueous solution;
(d) centrifuging the second mixture to produce a contaminant-deficient biological composition, the first aqueous solution, and a second rag component, and subsequently combining 10% (by volume) or less of which with the contaminant-deficient, biological composition and combining the remaining balance (by volume) of the second rag component with the first aqueous solution;
(e) mixing the contaminant-deficient biological composition comprising 10% (by volume) or less of the second rag component with a pH-neutral aqueous solution to produce a third mixture; and
(f) centrifuging the third mixture to produce the second aqueous solution, a contaminant-depleted biological composition comprising the animal fats and plant oils, and a third rag component, and subsequently combining 10% (by volume) or less of which with-the contaminant-depleted biological composition and combining the remaining balance (by volume) with the second aqueous solution.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first mixture comprises a portion of the second aqueous solution.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second aqueous solution further comprises the acidic solution.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant is a material selected from the group consisting of a chlorine-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, a phosphorous-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, a metal, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-containing biological composition comprises one or more of naturally-occurring fatty acids and naturally-occurring fatty acid esters.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the contaminant-containing biological composition comprises a material selected from the group consisting of algae oils, beef tallow, brown grease, camelina oil, canola/rapeseed oil, castor oil, choice white grease, coconut oil, coffee bean oil, corn oil, fish oils, hemp oil, Jatropha oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, palm oil, poultry fat, soybean oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, tall oil fatty acid, Tung oil, used cooking oils, yellow grease, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the contaminant-containing biological composition comprises a material selected from the group consisting of beef tallow, fish oils, poultry fat, used cooking oils, yellow grease, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-containing biological composition comprises a greater proportion by weight of animal fats than plant oils.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein animal fats and plant oils are present in the contaminant-containing biological composition in a weight ratio of animal fats:plant oils of 0.5:1 to 99:1.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the weight ratio is 5:1 to 90:1.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first aqueous solution has a pH of less than 5.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic solution comprises an acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the acidic solution comprises 20 wt. % to 75 wt. % citric acid, based on the total weight of the acidic solution.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the acidic solution comprises 20 wt. % to 40 wt. % citric acid, based on the total weight of the acidic solution.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-depleted biological composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of the contaminant.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-containing biological composition and the first mixture are mixed in a mass ratio of 5:1 to 50:1.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-deficient, acid-rich biological composition and the second aqueous solution are mixed in a mass ratio of 5:1 to 50:1.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminant-deficient biological composition and pH-neutral aqueous solution are mixed in a mass ratio of 5:1 to 50:1.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b), (d), and (f) are independently performed in a disc stack centrifuge.